Beta Management

Specifically, what does the $718 million gain in Berkshire’s market value of equity imply about the intrinsic value of GEICO?

Using CAPM: Risk Free Rate = 6%; Market Risk Premium = 5%; Beta = 1.2

Answer: The standard deviation can be calculated by subtracting the expected return from the actual return for each year and squaring the results. The squares are summed, and divided by the number of observances minus 1. The square root of that result is the standard deviation.

9. (10 points) You are provided with the following monthly expected returns, each of which is represented by E(Ri), and betas for the following stocks. Please estimate the capital asset pricing model and draw conclusions about the significance and realism of the results. (Note: Please use conventional tests of the R-squared and coefficients.) On the basis of your results, please name at least three of the stocks that you would recommend as “buys.”

Alex Sharpe should invest in Portfolio A, consisting of Reynolds and S&P500. Portfolio A gives higher return with lower risk. The standard deviation and the variance are both lower for portfolio A which means

4) Using the stock price and return data in Exhibits 5 and 6, estimate the CAPM beta

* By CAPM, we can get (8.3277%). We can calculate the each of different companies and get the average value. Or we can use CAPM once from average =0.8155. These two results are equivalent.

Specifically, what does the $718 million gain in Berkshire’s market value of equity imply about the intrinsic value of GEICO?

Utilizing the fundamental concepts of the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), the expected return for Wal-Mart stock is 7.01% [E(R)]. This is a result of a risk-free rate (Rf) of 3.68%, which was the provided 10-year government bond yield to use as a proxy for the risk-free rate. The beta (β ) of Wal-Mart was 0.66 according to the provided Bloomberg beta estimate. Additional data was provided on the U.S. market risk premium [E(RM) – Rf] of 5.05%. In following the general concepts of CAPM, there are some general assumptions: no transaction costs, all assets are publicly traded,

Solutions to Valuation Questions 1. Assume you expect a company’s net income to remain stable at $1,100 for all future years, and you expect all earnings to be distributed to stockholders at the end of each year, so that common equity also remains stable for all future years (assumes clean surplus). Also, assume the company’s β = 1.5, the market risk premium is 4% and the 20-30 year yield on risk free treasury bonds is 5%. Finally, assume the company has 1,000 shares of common stock outstanding. a. Use the CAPM to estimate the company’s equity cost of capital. • re = RF + β * (RM – RF) = 0.05 + 1.5 * 0.04 = 11% b. Compute the expected net distributions to stockholders for each future year. • D = NI – ΔCE = $1,100 – 0 = $1,100 c. Use the

Please refer to Appendix 2 for other considerations for cost of equity calculations. Most firms use the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) to determine the cost of equity. The components that make up the CAPM include: the risk free rate, the beta of the security, and the expected market return of the stock. These values are all based on forward-looking data. The model dictates that shareholders require a return equal to the return from a risk-free investment plus an equity risk premium for bearing extra risk. Refer to Appendix 1 for a full breakdown of the CAPM formula.

We use the equation ri=(Pt-Pt-1+Dt)/Pt-1 to calculate the monthly return of stock of Charles Schwab Corp, Quick & Reilly Group and Waterhouse Investor Srvcs. Then we have two methods to calculate the Beta of Equity for each company.

Using time series regression on the monthly returns we have estimated the beta coefficient for each stock. Using the market model of CAPM i.e., regressing each stock’s monthly returns against the market index (Nifty100) we have estimated individual stock beta’s.

We added the market risk premium of 6% to the 4.60% because 6% is the rate that investors want above the risk free rate due to the risk of the investment. This equals 10.6% which is then multiplied by the beta of the company of 1.1. Beta is a measure of the stock’s volatility in relation to the market. A beta of 1.1 means that Worldwide Paper Company has slightly higher volatility than the market does. The total cost of equity then calculates to equal 11.2%. This tells us that given the risk taken in investing in the company, a shareholder should expect an 11.2% return.

We use the Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) to determine the cost of equity. As