Bevacizumab : An Anti Vegf Recombinant Humanized Igg ¬ 1 Monoclonal Antibody

It has broad variety of anti-tumor activity and forms the backbone of combination chemotherapy regimes presently

Some of traditional drugs may be effective in patients whose cancers have a specific molecular target, and not for other patients. To solve this problem of patient-specificity, pharmaceutical research have seen the expansion of individually tailored cancer treatment, which is an application of targeted therapy, and this is where biopharmaceuticals are. As an increasing part of the population is diagnosed with cancer and as these patients live longer, increasing care will be given to patients who have received these drugs. Moreover, in the case of cancer therapy, those drugs and especially with mABs are a promise of less side effects : recombinant DNA technology makes it possible to genetically engineer an antibody to reduce the risk of host immune response.

A team from the Brazilian university says the experimental drug binds with tumor cells and causes the loss of key molecules.

Angiogenesis inhibitors fight cancer by inhibiting the growth of blood vessels instead of tumor cells and can be combined with other forms of therapies such as chemotherapy (National Cancer Institute, 2011). The tumor may not die, but it does not grow which allows the patient to receive long-term care using this approach. Higher levels of inhibitors prevent

The exact mechanism of Rituximab in LGI1 patients is still unclear. One possible explanation is that Rituximab targets CD20 on B cells, so it can attenuate B cells and deplete antibodies.[19]

In vitro: Crizotinib (PF-02341066) potently inhibited c-Met phosphorylation and c-Met-dependent proliferation, migration, or invasion of human tumor cells in vitro. In addition, crizotinib potently inhibited HGF-stimulated endothelial cell survival or invasion and serum-stimulated tubulogenesis in vitro, suggesting that crizotinib also exhibits antiangiogenic properties [1].

Pazopanib is a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor with multiple targets (8). These targets include VEGF receptors 1, 2, and 3, PDGFR-alpha and beta, and c-KIT. In one randomized controlled trial, Pazopanib demonstrated an increase of 5 months in progression-free survival(PFS) in patients who had undergone 1

The journal article describes the data that was collected by the recent test of the drug, Rociletinib. The drug is described as a new development that has potential for treating the advanced cancerous tumors. The specific tumors that were analyzed had already developed a resistance to the medicine. Its clinical trials were done on a sample size of 130 patients. The 57 patients of the study that received the drug showed positive results in their treatments of NSCLC.

The established definition of rituximab resistance is the lack of response or the progression within 6 months of treatment to a rituximab-containing regimen.11 Obvious disease progression during rituximab therapy is the most clearly defined form of resistance. Patients who may experience tumor shrinkage have some degree of rituximab sensitivity but are often classified as “resistant” if they fail to achieve either a partial or complete response. Numerous pathways of tumor resistance have been elucidated with conventional chemotherapeutic agents. In some cases, these discoveries have translated into specific interventions aimed at preventing or overcoming tumor resistance.11 Surprisingly, little is known about the determinants of responsiveness

Receptors expressed by endothelial cells, bone marrow progenitors and various neural cell types. VEGFR1 is more abundant in glial cells and VEGFR2 in neurons

Further studies with Avastin are needed regarding the safety. Long term observational studies are needed to provide guidelines on how long should be the follow up after Avastin injection and how often or when re-peat injection is recommended .There is also need to tap the potential of other agents.Ranibizumab- a relatively newer anti VEGF agent sup-presses VEGF systemically for a shorter duration21. There are reports of successful treatment after Ranibizumab. Various Cytokines and factors play role in ROP like IGF-1,HIF-1 ,erythropoietin22 . Further studies are needed on modulating these factors for ROP treatment.

The tumor needs blood flow to survive so they try and attract the blood vessels to grow into the tumor to keep it alive. The blood vessels usually don’t grow very far into the tumor causing it to lack the nutrients of the blood. The tumor gets oxygen and glucose from the bloodstream. The tumors also have to figure out how to get rid of wastes and carbon dioxide. So in all the blood vessels are very important to the cancer cells because the blood stream brings out all the toxic waste for the tumor so that it doesn't

Vascular activity goes down dramatically within 24 hours of Avastin injection in virgin eyes and the effect is sustained. However, this treatment is not nearly as effective in salvage therapy of eyes having prior ablation. Once neovascularization resolves and intrinsic vessels cross the ridge (usually within one to two weeks), the growth delay can be variable, making follow up all the more critical in these patients. Per BEAT ROP, bevacizumab therapy is associated with fewer recurrences than laser therapy during the first 52 weeks of life. However, when we have followed these eyes over subsequent months, late recurrences have been seen with increased frequency in bevacizumab treated eyes. Recurrences arise at two distinct locations, the leading

With the increasing number of protein therapeutic candidates, especially monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) entering various stages of development, biopharmaceutical companies are increasingly looking at innovative solutions to deliver this pipeline. For antibody manufacturing process development, maintaining desired quality attributes while reducing time to market, maintaining cost effectiveness, and providing manufacturing flexibility are key issues in today 's competitive market, where several companies are often working on therapies for similar targets and clinical indications. Since antibody therapies may require large doses over a long period of time, manufacturing capacity becomes an issue because the drug substance must be produced in large quantities with cost and time efficiency to meet clinical requirements and pave the way toward commercialization. (Li et al., 2012)

In 2006, FDA approved the usage of ranibizumab (brand name: Lucentis), a humanized monoclonal antibody fragment that has a high affinity for VEGF, as a therapeutic option for wet AMD. Ranibizumab is different from pegaptanib as it is not restricted only to binding VEGF165 isoform but binds to all human VEGF isoform. It reduces leakage in vessels as well as decreases retinal and choroidal neovascularisation in animal models. The findings of MARINA study demonstrated that