Bhopal Disaster Management Gas Tragedy

was a fire, but there was nothing it could since it was just a piece of technology. This reveals

"Soon the 4-inch drill pipe…shot skyward. After the mud, water, and pipe were blown out, gas followed, but only for a short time. Then the well was very quiet. We ventured back, after our wild scramble for safety, to find things in a terrible mess...We started shoveling the mud away-when, without warning, a lot of heavy mud shot out of the well with the report of a cannon…In a very short time oil was going up through the top of the derricks, and rocks were being shot hundreds of feet into the air. Within a very few minutes, the oil was holding a steady flow at more than twice the height of the derrick…”

wing tank was also failing. It was too much of a coincidence for two pumps to fail at the same time—it was

explode. Another theory states that there was a loose ceramic tile on the side of the

According to Jack Herrmann is Asst. Professor of Psychiatry at the University of Rochester School of Medicine “Disaster management is the preparation for, response to, and recovery from disaster. While there are different understandings of Disaster Management, it is generally viewed as a cycle with the following five key phases:

That is the mystery that is still partly unsolved today. It is known that a magazine exploded, but what set the magazine off? There are two theories that remain: (1) the magazine was set off by a mine under the water – an external initial explosion or (2) spontaneous combustion of the coal in the bunker next to the magazine – an internal

As if this was not bad enough, there was more disparaging news: a cloud of some sort was floating above the spacecraft, leading to the assumption that an oxygen tank exploded.

An emergency is a severe, sudden and sometimes risky circumstances requiring urgent action (Salman Sawalha, 2014). Escalation of an emergency situation can lead to disaster; which is an unusual event that can cause lost of life and property (Salman Sawalha, 2014). International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRRCS) define disaster as “unexpected devastating events that disrupts the operations of a population or public which leads to huge losses and overwhelmed the affected community 's ability to respond to the situation with the resources they have at hand”. There are two main types of disaster that can lead to emergency situations; these include natural and man-made disasters.

As the National Commission report put it: “The immediate causes of the Macondo well blowout can be

"In the midst of the poverty and chaos in Bhopal, Union carbide opened its chemical plant in 1969" (17). The plant is located at the city limits

A presidential committee was designated to review the accident. After various months the investigators wrote a report, showing an O-Ring seal rupture as the main reason of the explosion. Due to the freezing climate, the ring didn’t expand to hold the seal firm, letting hot vapors to escape.

The cockpit and passenger areas were destroyed. All of the instruments were destroyed as well. The throttle quadrant was damaged, but it did show that all the levers, props, throttle, mixture and feathering levers were pushed forward into the panel. Initial cable tracing showed remaining integrity, but due to damage from the impact and the resulting fire, actuator positions were inclusive. There were large metal trunks scattered throughout the

Prior to the disaster, the company had been facing a financial crisis for many years because the sale of pesticides had been fallen (Joseph, Kaszniak and Long 2005, p. 544). Due to the budget cuts, many plant operators received insufficient training on operations and safety awareness (Mannan 2012, p. 2649). As shown in Figure 1, there was a decrease in the length of training programmes for plant operators from 18 months in 1975 to only one month in December 1984 (Chouhan 2005, p. 207). Therefore, with a lack of the knowledge of runaway reactions occurring in the storage tank when the accident happened, many workers could not immediately take any emergency action to lessen the risk of the MIC escape from the storage tank (Chouhan 2005, p. 207). To connect the tank with another

The start-up procedure of the isomerisation unit required that the level control valve on the splitter tower be used to send liquid from the tower to storage. But the valve was closed by an operator, causing the

In the year 1977, a blowout occurred on “Bravo” production platform of Ekofisk during maintenance. The blowout occurred due to a misplaced blowout preventer. This cause approximately 202380 barrels