Bifidobacterium Animalis

More than a century ago the notion of microbiota working as a regulator for health and disease was already in use. They realized that consuming large amounts of fermented milk helped with their longevity. This began the foundation of probiotics. However, the oral probiotics that are used today are at a lower amount than what is contained in the colon. After cycling through the digestive system it is

Bacteria, single-cell microorganisms, are found all over the planet. Some can be beneficial to their enviroment, while others can be pathogenic. Enterococcus faecalis is a resilient bacterium that resides in the intestinal tract of humans and mammals. Due to their ability to colonize at a rapid rate, E. faecalis cause a multitude of infections. To determine an unknown bacteria, one gram stain and two biochemical tests, a catalase and RBC hemolysis test, were performed. The gram stain showed gram-positive cocci bacteria, which lead to the catalase test. The test for

The use of the first form of microbe-based therapeutics, probiotics, is beneficial for preventing disease. These live microorganisms are known to strengthen the equilibrium of the gut flora by the development of healthy gut

E. coli, Bacteria (Domain), Proteobacteria (Phylum), Gammaproteobacteria (Class), Enterobacteriales (Order), Enterobacteriaceae (Family), Escherichia (Genus), coli (Species), is a gram-negative, facultative anaerobic, rod-shaped bacterium, with optimum growing temperatures at 37° C. This bacterium is commonly found in the lower intestines of warm-blooded animals. E. coli makes up about 0.1% of gut flora and most strains are harmless. Some are part of the normal gut flora and help their host by producing vitamin K2 and preventing colonization of the intestine with pathogenic bacteria (CDC, 2014). E. coli makes ATP by aerobic respiration if oxygen is present, but can switch to fermentation or anaerobic respiration if oxygen is limited or absent. The end product of fermentation is lactate, succinate, ethanol, acetate, and carbon dioxide (CDC, 2014; EPA, 2014).

It may come as a shock to you that there is a hazardous bacterium that distresses two-third of the world population. As amazing as this may be, it is entirely true that this tiny intestinal living being has been around for some time creating health difficulties in billions of individuals.

According to the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention; most healthcare-associated infections (HAIs) such as staph or MERSA are dropping except for one: Clostridium difficile infections or CDI which causes an estimated 14,000 diarrhea related deaths in America each year. Clostridium difficile is a gram positive, anaerobic bacteria that can produce exotoxins, form spores and is beginning to show increased resistance to antimicrobial treatment. Symptoms of CDI include watery diarrhea, fever, loss of appetite, nausea and abdominal tenderness (CDC 2011). The usual treatment for CDI is first to cease use of any antibiotics that first may have caused the CDI. If symptoms do not improve, then a stronger course of antibiotics is usually done but CDI has a high rate of reoccurrence. In a double-blind, randomized trial comparing the efficacy of fidaxomicin vs. vancomycin in treating CDI the reoccurrence rate was 15.4% for fidaxomicin and 25.3 for% for vancomycin (Louie et al. 2011). There is, however, a solution with a cure rate upwards of 90% with no chance of increasing antimicrobial resistance; the fecal microbial transplant (FMT). A fecal microbial transplant involves taking a fresh stool sample from donors screened for transmissible disease and parasite infection, diluting it with sterile saline or milk and administering via nasoduodenal tube or enema (van Nood et al. 20013). The donor may be any healthy, medically screened adult, either an unrelated stranger or a family

has been studied on disease association with altered gut microbiota. The various species of Bifidobacterium which have been used as probiotics are B. bifidum, B. breve, B.lactis, B. longum, B. infantis and B. adolescentis [3]. It is important to note that all the species of Bifidobacteriumare not beneficial. Also, the species which have been used as probiotics have also been reported to cause infections especially in neonates and immunocompromised individuals (See Table 1). The case reports of Bifidobacterium sp. as significant pathogens are enlisted in Table

Since vitamin Bs are synthesized by the germs in the intestines, it is very important to increase the number of probiotics. When probiotics dominate bad germs, many diseases can be prevented.

Probiotics also referred as "good bacteria" are considered helpful in suppressing potentially detrimental bacteria and in strengthening the digestive tract.

Bacteria have many properties in that some are very harmful, pathogenic, and others are extremely beneficial in many ways to humans and to all types of organisms. Some live within plants, fungi and humans. An example in the human body is Lactobacillus Johnsonii which is a bacteria that helps infants digest milk smoothly (it is found in the gut)( Anwar MA and others 2008). Every type of bacteria is classified according to features that can be studied further for differing properties and what separates each strain into different categories.

The active ingredients of the product induces and promotes the growth of good gut microbes

Science has always been my academic passion, and for two summers I was a research intern in the GI department at Penn. In a microbiome lab, I analyzed how a genetically modified strain of E. coli would colonize a mouse gut and affect the gut ecology. I collected fecal samples, imaged bacterial colonies, and spent hours eagerly attempting to uncover the secrets hidden within my data. We were making progress towards the creation of a more effective probiotic that could be used to treat antibiotic-associated infections and Inflammatory Bowel Disease. After my final presentation, my mentor, Dr. Wu told me, “I don’t know if you realized it, but you were the first person to see proof that a mouse gut can be colonized by a human strain of E. coli.” It was thrilling to be the first person to uncover a new fact; for a period of time, I was the only person to know something new about the workings of the scientific world. This sense of wonder prompted me to return for a second summer to work on an independent experiment regarding bacterial nitrogen

Fish constitutes an important group for studying the nature and variety of symbioses in vertebrate gut microbial communities (Nayak, 2010) because:

As learned in class, Coliforms are a group of bacteria’s’ mostly found in the large intestines of humans and animals. Coliform bacteria can also be found in water and in soul. They are gram-negative bacteria’s, meaning that they have a peptidoglycan layer and another layer of the cell wall. These bacteria are also a rode shape now as bacilli. As we all know or should know by now, gram negative cells have a equine structure to their cell wall other cells like acid fast and gram positive do not have. They have a hairy looking type of structure projecting from the outer layer of the cell wall and they are called endotoxin. As the name suggests, Endotoxin is toxin made within the body,