Bifidum Research Paper

The health benefits of maintaining bacteria in the gut are a topic of interest. Grocery store shelves are stocked with probiotic goods such

Transmission usually occurs as the result of the introduction of E. coli containing feces into the oral cavity of the host. Known as fecal-oral transmission, this type of transmission is primarily responsible for the spread of E. coli from animals to humans. The transmission of E. coli to humans occurs by direct contact, ingestion of water or food contaminated by the spread of manure, or consuming undercooked meat after fecal contamination of the carcasses at the slaughterhouse. For a diagram of the transmission life cycle of E. coli, see Appendix 5. For a comprehensive diagram outlining the various transmission methods, refer to Appendix 6.

The use of the first form of microbe-based therapeutics, probiotics, is beneficial for preventing disease. These live microorganisms are known to strengthen the equilibrium of the gut flora by the development of healthy gut

The transmission of this infection is known to be passed from one individual to another by the faecal – oral route.

This bacteria is of the Bifidobacterium genus and the Gram-positive species (Dority, 2017). It is most densely found in the large intestine. Without regulation of these bacteria, problems can arise, such as difficulty properly digesting dairy (Williams, n.d.). This is why it is common to be prescribed probiotic supplements after taking antibiotics, which can kill off this helpful bacteria (Health and Science Pipeline Initiative, n.d.). Another bacteria, still important but found in less quantity, is Escherichia coli, commonly referred to as E. coli.

Probiotics are live microorganisms that live in the body and regulate the proper functioning of organism; in adequate amounts help maintain our well-being. This is about two kilograms of bacteria, which are responsible for protecting our body against pathogenic bacteria. One of many bacterial strains found in human body is bifidobacterium, which has a great impact on health of digestive and immune system. Bifidobacterium does interact with intestinal mucosal cells, and communicate with intestinal epithelial cells which help to maintain gut homeostasis physically and immunologically. By the communcation with intestinal epithelial cells bifidobacteria can improve its work and help in case of the inflammation.

This bacterium can sometimes be harmless but it is a common cause for food poisoning and diarrhea. It lives in the intestines of humans and animals. E.coli is rod-shaped, with two microns in length and one micron wide. E. coli is able to grow in aerobic and anaerobic conditions. This allows it to be a facultative anaerobe bacteria. If an E. coli strain acquires virulence factors, it evolves into a pathogenic E. coli. The most dangerous strain of E.coli is E.coli 0157:H7 which causes infection through the production of toxins, such as Shiga toxin. These toxins can destroy or damage red blood cells causing circulation complications. E. coli is very common in the world. Contamination is caused by exposure to fecal matter. Once exposed, the disease is transmitted through food or water, which is then transferred to other animals or people that come in contact. Improper food handling is the most common form of transmission and infection. Consuming dairy products that have been left out for a long period of time or were not properly stored can cause the bacteria to grow. Consuming raw fish and poultry or not rinsing food produce well before consumption can also lead to transmission. The bacteria must be consumed for it to cause any real

Bacteroides fragilis constitute 1% to 2% of colon resident microbiota and achieving approximately 30% of the total of organism cultured from feces (1-3) . Members of genus Bacteroides are important opportunist anaerobic pathogen(4). In this genus Bacteroides fragilis due to its virulence factor such as, adhesions, hemagglutinin, polysaccharide capsule and fimberia is considered to be the most virulence pathogen(2, 5). This organism isolates from exteraintestinal monomicrobial and mixed infections such as diabetic foot infection, brain, lung, intera abdominal, Intera pelvic abscesses, surgical site infections and sepsis(6-9). As well as this organism cause toxin dependent diarrheal disease in human. This bowel disease is one of the most important causes of morbidity and

types of E.coli that can cause diarrhea can be transmitted through contaminated water or food,

Giardiasis is a diarrheal disease that is caused by the flagellated protozoan parasite Giardia lamblia (also known as Giardia intestinalis). Giardiasis is transmitted via the fecal-oral route. When a person is infected with Giardiasis, the parasite lives in the intestines of its host and passes through the feces. Outside the body, Giardia can survive up to a few months (CDC, 2012a). People become infected with Giardia by swallowing contaminated food or water, or touching a contaminated surface. Contaminated surfaces can include anything that might have feces on it, such as a diaper pail, changing table, or bathroom door handles. Having direct contact with someone who is infected with the parasite also is a way the infection is transmitted. Giardiasis cannot be transmitted through the blood (CDC, 2012a).

Recently, persistence of foodborne bacterial pathogens in food processing environments has become of great impacting hazards to the public health as well as increases risk of microbial food contamination (Pricope et al., 2013; Larsen et al.,

However, L. monocytogenes possesses a public health impact as a causative agent of listeriosis which considered one of the emerging food borne zoonoses (Dhama et al., 2013a) primarily contracted by ingestion of contaminated food products such as raw meat, dairy products, vegetables, and seafood (Allerberger and Wagner, 2010) and triggering primarily pregnant women, neonates, geriatric population, and those with weakened immune systems (Swaminathan and Gerner-Smidt,

Listeriosis is a serious infection that result from food contamination with the bacterium L. monocyogenes. It I known to be in fact, “one of the most deadly bacterial infections currently known- with a mean mortality rate in humans of 20 to 30% or higher despite early antibiotic treatment” 11. Besides the transmission of foodborne, it can also be transmitted from mother to fetus or human-to human physical interaction. A mother can consume contaminated food or liquid such as milk during pregnancy and be able to transmit to the fetus through the maternal blood stream or from a colonized genital tract5 (See Figure 3). This can cause serious factors leading to premature delivery, miscarriage, or other serious health issues for the newborn.5

Brucellae are aerobic gram-negative coccobacilli that possess a unique ability to invade both phagocytic and nonphagocytic cells and to survive in the intracellular environment by finding ways to avoid the immune system. This ability helps explain why brucellosis is a systemic disease and can involve almost every organ system. Brucella can gain entry into the human body through breaks in the skin, mucous membranes, conjunctivae, and respiratory and gastrointestinal (GI) tracts. Sexual transmission has not been convincingly documented. Ingestion usually occurs by way of unpasteurized milk; meat products often have a low bacterial load. In the United States, percutaneous needlestick exposure, conjunctival exposure

Listeria monocytogenes, a motile, gram-positive rod, is an opportunistic food-borne pathogen capable of causing listeriosis in humans. Listeriosis includes manifestations of septicemia, meningitis, pneumonia, and encephalitis. L. monocytogenes is also implicated in miscarriages, stillbirth, and premature birth for pregnant women. L. monocytogenes is a tough bacterium resistant to freezing, drying, and heat; most strains have been shown to be pathogenic. It is hypothesized that 1-10% of humans are intestinal carriers of L. monocytogenes. Over 37 mammalian species, including wild and domestic animals, are capable of L. monocytogenes infection and transmission. Extensive environmental reservoirs for L.