Big Bang Light Elements

According to Carolyn Ruth, author of “Where Do Chemical Elements Come From,” chemical elements came from the explosion of stars, also known as supernovas. In her article, Carolyn states that a newborn star is mainly composed of the first element on the periodic table, Hydrogen. Due to the high pressure within the star, a fusion process begins that fuses two protons and two neutrons together to form the second element, Helium. These fusion processes continue to form elements that weigh less than Iron. Once the star creates all elements up to Iron, the star eventually collapses and explodes. One article that agrees with Carolyn’s theory is “The Origin of the Elements and the Life of A Star”. According to this article, stars produce nuclear reactions

The most common elements on earth are hydrogen, and helium that mostly formed after the big bang.

Carbon has six total electrons; two of the electrons it has are in its first electron shell while the other four are its valence electrons. Due to its four valence electrons, it rarely gains and/or loses electrons and/or form ionic bonds due to the fact it would have to give away or take four other electrons. In order to complete its outer shell, carbons shares its valence electrons with other atoms by having four separate covalent bonds. The carbon atom then becomes the crossing point where each molecule branches off into four separate directions.Carbon’s electron configuration allows it to bond frequently with oxygen, hydrogen, nitrogen, and phosphorus. If the carbon atom forms only a single covalent bond, The electrons form so that its bonds angle towards an imaginary tetrahedron.

The atoms are bound by shared electrons in a covalent bond. Even though they share electrons, they do not share them equally. Even though most of the time covalent bonding occurs between nonmetals, there have been times where this type of bonding occurs between a metal and a non metal. Covalent bonds are most likely to occur when molecules have a similar electro negativity level (Gray 76). Elements follow the octet rule because they are the most stable when they have eight electrons in their outer shell. Therefore, by sharing those electrons they fulfill the octet rule and the noble gas configuration. Another way covalent bonds satisfy the octet rule is too form single, double, and triple bonds. It’s easy to differentiate between those bonds, for example a single bond is when two atoms share one pair of electrons, a double bond is when two atoms share two pairs of electrons, and a triple bond is when two atoms share three pairs of electrons. Bond order and length are used to describe the strength of covalent bonds; they both have a direct relationship. Bond order is the amount of bonded pairs between two atoms. Bonding length is the distance between two covalent bonds. Compared to ionic bonds, covalent bonds are have a lower melting and boiling point. They are also less likely to dissolve in water. Not all the pairs of the molecules have the same characteristics. When a pair is not sharing any electrons, that pair is called a lone pair. When a pair is sharing electrons, they are called a bond pair. And finally, a Lewis dot structure is a great way to illustrate a covalent

After a star lives for about 1 million years, it becomes a main sequence star. Once it becomes a main sequence star, it will then go through a proton-proton chain reaction. Since the force of gravity goes inward, the force of fusion will then go outward from the core. This process will continue for about 10 billion years even when the star is "burning" Over those ten years, the stars will eventually slowly run out of hydrogen. After it runs out of hydrogen, the core will fill up with helium.

The first process every star goes through before its end is the process of their core shrinking. When stars of at least .4 M begin to exhaust their hydrogen supply, the hydrogen starts to fuse in a shell that is outside the helium core. As the shell burns more hydrogen it is also producing more helium, this allows the core to increase in its mass and temperature. When the temperature increases greatly, helium fusion begins to start in what is called a helium flash, causing the star to rapidly decrease in its size and increase its temperature. Once the star has fused all of the helium out of its core, the product of the carbon will fuse which produces a hot core along with the outer shell made up of fusing helium. The more massive a star is,

“First, in order to put everything in perspective, we must return to the dawn of our universe. In the beginning, nearly fourteen billion years ago, the Big Bang created time and space from a single infinitesimally small point that exploded and released tremendous energy causing the universe to expand as it still is today. Specifically, the energy was in the form of electrons, protons, and neutrons. Protons and neutrons later clumped together to form the nucleus around which electrons orbited to produce the very first atoms, such as hydrogen. In other words, atoms make up the building blocks of all matter. The electrons, protons, and neutrons are the subatomic particles. Hydrogen, the lightest atom, has one proton in its nucleus around which an electron orbits. Clouds of hydrogen atoms formed the primordial nebulae. When the nebulae became thick enough, the hydrogen atoms clumped together, amassing gravity and even more hydrogen atoms to eventually form the core of the stars. After two hydrogen nuclei collided and fused at the high temperatures in the core, the element helium formed in a process called nuclear fusion. Nuclear fusion releases tremendous energy that makes stars give off light and heat. Our Sun shines chiefly due to nuclear fusion. In fact, stars first

is the process of combining the nuclei of smaller atoms(less protons & neutrons and hence, a smaller atomic number) to create a larger atom. In many stars, the process starts with hydrogen (H) atoms combining to form helium atoms (He) then combining again to form Beryllium (Be) atoms and so on... The process stops when all the atoms are converted to Iron (Fe) and the star is thus dead. The reason for this is that once the atoms reach Iron and higher, the energy required to fuse the atoms becomes greater than the energy released by the atoms.

During the creation of stars, denser nuclei were generated from hydrogen and helium through the continuous procedure of stellar nucleosynthesis. Stars make fresh elements in their nuclei by enfolding elements together in a procedure known as nuclear fusion. Stars join hydrogen atoms to helium, then the Helium atoms are fused to generate beryllium, this process goes on, till blend in the core of star has generated each component up to iron. Nuclear fusion occurs in the hydrogen gas in the center of the Sun. It becomes squeezed together so firmly and four hydrogen nuclei join to develop one helium molecule. In the procedure, a number of-of the mass of the hydrogen atoms gets changed to energy in the formula of light. The similar procedure

These celestial bodies begin as a region of cold, high density nebula that condenses into a globule of gas and dust. Over millions of years, the cloud is compacted and the cold nebula gas begins to heat up as the molecules get excited for reacting together. Atoms within the nucleus of this Protostar begin to clash with one another combining hydrogen atoms to form helium atoms. As a result, the energy needed to sustain itself throughout its life, is created by these reactions within the transformation

Around 14 billion years ago, a giant nebula concentrated into a single tiny point, then proceeded to enlarge rapidly in a hot explosion and continues to expand. This explosion is said to have created the Universe, and is called the “big bang”. This same process happens when a star is being created. A large cloud of dust and gas, called a

When such a massive star consumes all its nuclear fuel, it undergoes a 'supernova' explosion and most of the matter is expelled. The extreme heat generated during such explosions can form elements heavier than iron through nuclear fusion.

All substances are made of tiny particles called atoms. An element is a substance that is made of only one sort of atom. There are about 100 different elements. These are shown in the periodic table, which is a chart with all the elements arranged in a particular way. The horizontal rows in the periodic table are called periods and the vertical columns are called groups. The elements in a group have similar properties to each

The observation of the behaviour of various gaseous elements, lead to the discovery that several of them are made up of molecules, rather than atoms. An example of this would be hydrogen (H2) and oxygen (O2). Oxygen is made up of two hydrogen atoms and one oxygen atom. When these elements are bonded, they produce H2O (H2+O2 = H2O). Ionic bonds are created when one atom gives its electrons to the other atom and therefore becomes positively charged whilst the other one is negatively charged. The two atoms then attract to each other and bond. A covalent bond is formed when two atoms overlap their outer electron shell with each other. In this way, some of the electrons are shared between them. The final type of bonding is known as a metallic bond.

In the video of " We are stardust harvesting starlight" by Kraus, Tyson, and Sagan, it was mentioned that every atom present in the universe came from the explosion of a star. The collapse explosion of an unstable heavy star introduced the elements carbon, hydrogen, nitrogen and oxygen which is required to form life on earth. A statement "Forget Jesus, the stars died so that you could be here" meant that instead of looking at the religious point of view of how living forms arrived on earth, it is essential that the scientific perspective of the arrival of life forms is considered. Stars are exploded due to factors of pressure and temperature in order to release necessary elements which are the building blocks of life. The elements are a part