create a conundrum for scientists. The trouble for fully understanding their roles thoroughly stems from the “nontemplate nature of their synthesis.” This paper calls attention to what is known about the different binding partners of carbohydrates and their cooperation within the immune system, namely microbial (non-self), tumor (altered-self), and host (self). DNA and RNA can be thought of as polysaccharides with phosphate-linked polyribose cores. Without carbohydrates present, it would be impossible
The immune system is the body defense mechanism against diseases. Through its different components, the immune system can detect a wide range of microorganisms such as viruses, parasites, bacteria and strange organisms. It has the power and the intelligence to distinguish those microorganisms from the self-healthy tissues; recognize them and eliminate them to protect the body from their harmful effects. However, in some instances, the immune system reacts against self-cells as in autoimmune diseases
Lupusnephritis (LN) Systemic lupus erythematosus (SLE) is a chronic inflammatory disease, immune-complex-mediated multi-systemic autoimmune condition of multifactorial etiology (Mak and Tay 2014). LN is an inflammatory condition affecting the kidneys which is caused by SLE, an autoimmune disease that is more common among women. About half of all people with SLE develop lupus nephritis, and of these about 1/10 experience chronic kidney disease or kidney failure (Henderson et al. 2012). Epidemiology