One of the most important still unsolved in neuroscience is called “Binding Problem”. Scientists believe that the different features present in sensory stimuli are represented and processed in separate parts of the brain. For example, after we see a red triangle, the triangular shape is processed by a particular cluster of neurons, and the red color is processed by another cluster. The question, yet unsolved, is how the brain bind these distint representations and allows us to have the notion of one single object. The same occurs for other visual features, e.g., texture, brightness, or for other features present in the other type of sensory stimuli.
These neuron clusters do not necessarily have been located in the same region to represent the same feature.
The most intuitive solutions to this problem would be to imagine that there is a special cluster
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INCLUIR EXPERIMENTOS
There is an extensive literature on experiments which tested the hypothesis as a synchronization binding mechanism.
These studies show that depending on the oscillation frequency, synchronizations have characteristic spatial range, specific areas of the brain, and would be linked to different cognitive functions.
The alpha waves (8-12 Hz) would be associated with all cortical regions, thalamus and hippocampus, with a long-range synchronization. Synchronizations in these frequencies would be associated with attention process.
Beta waves (13-30 Hz) would be associated with all cortical regions, sub thalamic nucleus, basal ganglia, hippocampus, olfactory bulb, and would have long-range synchronization. The principal associated cognitive processes would be perception, attention, motor control, sensory gating, top-down control, and
Alpha waves are thought to indicate a relaxed but awake state. They have a frequency of 8-13 Hz and an
It processes any form of information, visual and acoustic and transfers it to either one. It has a limited capacity therefore the central executive can controls attentions processes and not store them. A limitation of this model is that it does not have adequate information on the central executive whilst this is the main control system. Therefore information on the central executive is critical.
As a 25-year-old man recovers from his coma the doctors thought it would be a good idea to use a ultra sound.The technique they used was sonic stimulation to excite the neutrons in the thalamus that is an egg-shaped structure that serves as the brains central fun for progressing information.The doctor says "Our approach directly targets the thalamus but is noninvasive."This action took place in The University Of California-Los Angeles.Written by Stuart Wolpert."These changes are remarkable,"Monti said. "Ultra-Sound Jumpstarts A Mans Brain After Coma"
bat cortex, where the timing of signal currently being emitted by the bat is compared to the
The equipment used consisted of a 60 Hz monitor on a 19 – inch computer screen. The program for the test ran on a viglen Pentium 4.30 GHZ. To present the stimuli’s four
The list view serial inter theme is based partnerships and argues there is sufficient evidence that supports and contradicts both types of model, so that hybrid mechanisms should be considered. The evidence above shows a specific hybrid model that has received considerable attention in the fields of neuroscience, neural oscillations is based population. The judgments of relative order to produce different patterns of accuracy and response latency. hybrid paradigms, as the tests are the order of the elements within the associations, and its potential to model development guide.
Wenner et al (2014) attributes this to the use of repetitive stimulus patterns (checkerboards). Yet another caveat that is observed in VEP recordings is alpha rhythm phase reset as seen by Ritter et al (2009), who assessed whether the ERP is generated by an evoked potential that is independent of and adds linearly to the ongoing rhythm or there is a (partial) phase resetting of the ongoing rhythm. On other hand, Risner et al (2009) focused on the competing view that the VEP is caused by a partial phase reset of the spontaneous alpha rhythm and found that VEP is independent of the phase of the ongoing alpha rhythm. Along with the above, in conditions such as retinal disease or refractory errors, the amplitude may be smaller and, at very small check sizes, the latency may increase. For this reason, proper refraction is of great importance. Even pattern stimuli VEP has shortcomings and it is observed that A check size of 27 seconds of visual angle may result in normal P100 latency in a patient with cortical blindness. In conditions such as retinal disease or refractory errors, the amplitude may be smaller and, at very small check sizes, the latency may increase. For this reason, proper refraction is of great importance. The VEPs may be normal in patients with the diagnosis of cortical blindness. The usefulness of VEP is limited in malingering and hysterical visual loss. Baumgartner et al reported that as many as 5 of 15 healthy subjects were able to suppress their pattern VEPs. Patterned stimuli can be further differentiated into two types depending upon the stimuli style
The researchers use fMRI to examined the brain activity of FFA, they showed the variety of images that have a different context.
In the model of Jeffress, this is detected by the input from one ear being compared with multiple time-shifted versions of the input from the other ear. The time shift that produces the maximum degree of similarity indicates the direction of the sound source in the horizontal plane. In the formulation of Jeffress, the time shifts are produced by axons of different lengths. The output neurons detect coincidence in the time-shifted inputs from the two
This is an effect that Tom Fritz at the Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences
It is classified as a descending cortico-striato-pallido-pontine pathway including the cortex, striatum, pallidum, and the pons (Geyer and Braff 1987). Neurons from the amygdala, prefrontal cortex, ventral tegmental area, hippocampus, and nucleus accumbens regulate the activity of the pons. The pons controls the level of startle response (Swerdlow and Geyer 1998). By understanding these neural mechanisms, we can begin to understand the complex neural processes that are involved in sensory
In most brains, neuron interactions occur in a chaotic but balanced, orderly fashion with few disruptions. Occasionally, small disruptions (neuron misfires) may occur with little
An event similar to missing time can take place while hearing binaural noises intended to cause altered states of
This is correlated with changes in the spatiotemporal patterns of activity of chaotic systems (Freeman, 1999).
in the stimulus frequency results in a decrease in the release of neurotransmitters, further inhibiting the