Bio 100 Appendix E Essay

Discuss what you did in this lab and what you will cover in the lab

Directions: There are eight (8) activities in this lab. Please be sure to complete them all. For all questions, type your answers into the yellow box ____ (including your name above) it will expand as you write.

Answer the lab questions for this week and summarize the lab experience using this form.

There are several sections to this lab. Find each section and complete the “Preparing for Class” sections.

This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor.

To conduct your laboratory exercises, use the Laboratory Manual located under Course Content. Read the introduction and the directions for each exercise/experiment carefully before completing the exercises/experiments and answering the questions.

Complete Table 2 and answer Post Lab Questions 1 through 4 in complete sentences on the Week Three Lab Reporting Form.

This document is not meant to be a substitute for a formal laboratory report. The Lab Report Assistant is simply a summary of the experiment’s questions, diagrams if needed, and data tables that should be addressed in a formal lab report. The intent is to facilitate students’ writing of lab reports by providing this information in an editable file which can be sent to an instructor.

Instructions: This is a two-part lab. Be sure to follow all steps given in the lab and complete all sections of the lab report before submitting to your instructor.

In the Calvin cycle, carbon atoms from CO2 are fixed and used to build three-carbon sugars. This process is ran by, and dependent on, ATP and NADPH from the light reactions. Unlike the light reactions, which take place in the thylakoid membrane, the reactions of the Calvin cycle take place in the stroma. Rubisco is an enzyme that fixes CO2 by combining it with RuBP, which is a five-carbon sugar. The resulting 6-carbon molecule splits into two 3-carbon molecules, which are further rearranged to form PGAL. ATP provides the energy for these reactions, and NADPH provides the electrons.

The light reaction of photosynthesis starts with "The Light Dependent Reactions" and states that electrons being moved from the acceptor to other proteins in the cell membrane, which works the electrons into making NADPH and ATP. This energy is powered by the movement of photons (units of light) across the thylakoid membrane to make the ATP. This movement also helps create NADPH. Photosynthesis has two stages; Stage 1, the absorbing of energy from sunlight is helped by the photosystem. Stage 2, uses the energy to make ATP and NADPH. The two stages above only occurs during the light and as said before is called the Light Dependent Reaction. NADPH and ATP are both important because of their energy-rich chemical and then starts the Calvin Cycle

Fixation stage: In addition to CO2, the stroma and two other mechanisms are present to start the light-independent reactions; an enzyme called ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase and three molecules of ribulose bisphosphate. RuBP has five atoms of carbon, bordered by two phosphates. RuBisCO catalyzes a reaction between CO2 and RuBP. For each CO2 molecule that reacts with one RuBP, two molecules of 3-phosphoglyceric acid form. The number of carbon atoms remains the same, as the atoms move to form new bonds during the reactions. This process is called carbon fixation because CO2 is fixed from an inorganic form into organic

The Calvin cycle is an anabolic reaction, using energy to build sugar from smaller molecules.

The Calvin cycle is an anabolic reaction. In the beginning of the cycle,  carbon enters the cycle as CO2 and leaves as sugar.

The entirety of the photosystem is part of carbon recycling, or the Calvin cycle. This cycle is tri-purposed and meant to fixate carbon, reduce carbon, and repeat the first two steps (Nave, 2009). In the end we are left with three ADP, two NADP+ (used up NADP), and two Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate (G3P) (Nave, 2009). These three items are all used up again in the exact same cycle, and all but one carbon produced in the two G3P remain for further use. Three turns of the cycle produces another G3P. One more G3P (six total cycles) is needed to make glucose, the sophisticated common sugar, used for the rest of life’s processes, finalizing