Bio Frq

5. The two primary types of chemical bonding is ionic and covalent. Ionic bonding is when atoms give

5. Restate your predictions that were correct and give the data from your experiment that supports them. Restate your predictions that were not correct and correct them, giving the data from your experiment that supports the correction.

The functional groups are called aminos and carboxyls. The linkage type is by using a peptide bond. The primary function of protein is build and repairs the body.

Light intensity does affect the rate of photosynthesis. Too much light may cause plants to "burn out" or stop producing oxygen while too little light will not provide enough light for optimal photosynthesis activity and CO2 would stop be taken in and oxygen would stop being produced.

3. Explain why the structure of a protein is important to how the protein functions. It’s important because it can make many complex shape and each shapes can have different functions.

The cell cycle is a series of stages that occurs when a new cells makes the division from the parent cell to two daughter cells. This is a stage in cellular reproduction. The cell cycle consists of three phases, interphase, mitosis, and cytokinesis. During Interphase, a cell will continue to perform its functions as usual. The time frame for Interphase varies; while an embryonic cell will take just a few hours to complete the cycle, a stem cell from an adult can take 24 hours (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015). After the interphase stage completes itself, a complete nuclear division happens and mitosis occurs. During the stage of mitosis, the daughter cells will receive the same amounts of the contents of the parent cell. Throughout the last stage, in the cytoplasm there is a division known as Cytokinesis (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015). Cytokinesis occurs differently in plant cells than it does in animal cells, as the cell wall around the plant prevents the process from happening the same way. Instead, a new plasma membrane and cell walls are built are built between the daughter cells. However, in animal cells a single cell will become two (Mader, Windelspecht, 2015).

A protein has multiple existing structures, these are the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures which occur progressively. A protein is essentially a sequence of amino acids which are bonded adjacently, and interact with one another in various ways depending on the R group that the amino acid contains. There are 20 different amino acids which are able to be arranged in any given order, thus giving rise to a potential 2.433x1018 (4.s.f) different combinations, and therefore interactions between the various amino acids.

Proteins are complex structures made up of chains of amino acids. Each protein has a different function such as enzymes to catalyze reactions or protein hormones to trigger certain functions of a cell. First let’s start with the most basic component of a protein: an amino acid. An amino acid is made up of a central carbon atom attached to a hydrogen atom, a carboxyl group, an amino group, and an R group which varies

The average temperature was approximately 9.67 C. The temperature of the water is significantly impacted by the amount of cool wind the area receives, the amount of sunlight, and the time of year in which the temperature was measured. These factors allow for the water to maintain significantly cooler throughout the year. Also affected by wind are the velocity and rate of flow of the stream. The average velocity is 0.29 meters per second (m/s) and the rate of flow is 41.30 meters3 per second (m3/s). The velocity and rate of flow in the area are higher because it was closer to the dam and also contained areas that were more elevated than some. Sunlight, on the other hand, also affected the turbidity and the photic zone. The turbidity of the stream was 26.50 centimeters (0.265 meters), while the photic zone was 0.42 meters. The photic zone is the depth of the water that receives the greatest amount of sunlight that is then used to carry out photosynthesis. Turbidity is an indicator of how much algae or sediments is present in a lake because it affects the visibility of the water. The cloudiness of the water is caused by the dissolved particles scattering light molecules within the water. The average depth of the water is 9.50 meters and the average width of the water is 14.99 meters. The measurements of the width and depth are not affected by anything. According to Trout

Proteins are polymeric chains that are built from monomers called amino acids. All structural and functional properties of proteins derive from the chemical properties of the polypeptide chain. There are four levels of protein structural organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Primary structure is defined as the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The secondary structure refers to certain regular geometric figures of the chain. Tertiary structure results from long-range contacts within the chain. The quaternary structure is the organization of protein subunits, or two or more independent polypeptide chains.

The body makes many different types of proteins, each of which has a specific job. Oftentimes, the shape of the protein molecule is what allows it to do its unique job. A protein molecule is made up of a string of amino acids and each of these amino acids has a net positive, negative, or neutral charge. If two adjacent amino acids on the string both have a positive charge or both have a negative charge, then will repel each other and force each other to move apart. If one has a negative charge and the other a positive charge, they will move closer together. Thus all that pushing and pulling will determine the ultimate shape of the molecule. (Fowler, 2013)

The four levels of protein structure are primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. All of the levels are made from the primary structure of the protein. Primary structure contains covalent bonds and is the foundation and basis for the other levels of a protein. Secondary structure is a repeated continuation of a peptide chain.

The large number of cyclins might reflect the high developmental plasticity of sessile plants to respond to both intrinsic developmental signals and extrinsic environmental cues (Inze and De Veylder, 2006). Many of these cyclin types have putative roles in cell cycle progression; however, some of them may function in other processes instead of being directly involved in cell cycle regulation. Different types of cyclins are involved in different stages of the cell cycle, providing specific regulations by targeting to different substrates. Generally, the majority of D-type cyclins are involved in the regulation of the G1/S checkpoint; A-type cyclins, S-phase, and the G2/M transition; and B-type cyclins, G2/M, and intra-mitotic control (Inze and De Veylder, 2006). Certainly, some deviations of this general assignment have

Campbell and Farrell define proteins as polymers of amino acids that have been covalently joined through peptide bonds to form amino acid chains (61). A short amino acid chain comprising of thirty amino acids forms a peptide, and a longer chain of amino acids forms a polypeptide or a protein. Each of the amino acids making up a protein, has a fundamental design that comprises of a central carbon or alpha carbon that is bonded to a hydrogen element, an amino grouping, a carboxyl grouping, and a unique side chain or the R-group (Campbell and Farrell 61).

The cell cycle is separated into multiple stages such as G0, G1, S, G2, and M phase. During the G0 phase is the stage in which there is no sign of the cell preparing to separate but, rather a stagnant cell. The G1 phase involves the expansion of the cell and gathering all the nutrients and energy to prepare for the upcoming processes of the cell cycle. In the S phase,