The type of bio-macromolecule that is an enzyme is a protein. The three factors that affect the tertiary structure of a protein is the primary sequence of amino acids, the different kinds of bonds involved in the structure, and different charges of the amino acids. When a protein is denatured, all the non-covalent bonds break apart and release energy. This loses the shape and function of the protein. The chemical reaction we are studying in this lab is an exergonic action. Exergonic Reaction with Catalyst
First, pour about 15 ml of substrate solution into a 25 ml beaker. Then, put the substance in a hot water bath and set it to 30‹C. Next, add a filter paper disk soaked in yeast solution
Use a test tube holder to put the test tube into a container of boiling water for 5 minutes, or until the solution changes color.
Ps: the iodine was already really dark so it was very hard to see much difference between the control and the others.
Observation: no bugs were found except small, black, gnats were all close to the ground.
The purpose of this experiment was we were trying to see if the number of arthropods would be significantly different in sparse and dense areas of the woods. Ms.Ehnert provided us with the design of a trap to set up in the woods so we could more actually count the amount and types of bugs that we find. The trap was a cup filled with anti-freeze that we put in the ground and then covered it with a paper plait, but raised it so bugs could get in and bigger animals couldn’t. We waited for a week to collect the results and then counted all of them and sorted them. My hypothesis was based off of common sense, the simple assumption that less trees equals less arthropods and more trees equals more arthropods. I knew that living things need a habitat
Figure 1. shows the average leaf mass decomposition rate for invasive species leaves and native species leaves Results Explanation – In the experiment, we found that the invasive species leaves have a isopods faster decomposition rate than the native species leaves. The treatment used in the experiment differentiated only where the 1 gram (each) of the two different types of leaves were used. At the end of the experiment, the leaves had little to no moisture left to them and the 2 isopods were dead. Discussion – 1)
Abstract: In this lab, we investigated the reason as to why our fingers prune up when we go swimming or anything that has to with keeping our hands in water for a while. Six cut pairs of dialysis tubing (12 cm) were placed in water for five minutes so that it would form. After it was done forming, we filled it with three different types of NaCl concentration solutions,(1%,10%, and 50%). We placed the six different dialysis tubing filled with the solutions and placed it into the 400 mL beakers with either the 1%, 10%, or 50% for forty minutes.
All living things contain some form of organic macromolecules including: Lipids, proteins, carbohydrates and nucleic acids. All of these organic molecules are alike in the sense that is they are made up of bonded elements such as carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and to smaller quantities nitrogen, phosphorus and sulfur. The macromolecules each contain large long chains of carbon and hydrogen atoms and often consists of repeating smaller molecules bonded together in a repeating pattern (polymers). To test whether a specific solid white substance is a protein is simple due to the unique chains found in the respective type of macromolecule. To test if the substance is a carbohydrate, two tests could be performed on separate samples of the object. First,
1. The authors from this experiment were trying to gain information on how the diversity of gut microbes in humans evolved the CAZymes, to supply the body with its energy needs, from microbial populations living outside the body. 2. It is known that sulphated polysaccharides are the origin of carbon for heterotrophic bacteria that make the CAZymes in marine organisms. Also, these enzymes have been seen throughout human evolution to locate polysaccharides in terrestrial plants that have been eaten.
We tested honey, egg, saltine, and hamburger. We tested sugars using Benedicts solution and boiling water. We tested for starch using Lugol’s solution. We tested lipids using paper towls. Lastly, we tested proteins using Biuret’s reagent solution.
Macromolecules are present in each of the five foods being tested which are pretzels, green peas, apple juice, biscuit mix and bacon bits. To determine this, reagents for the four macromolecules are being used which are Benedict’s, Iodine, Sudan IV and Biuret Solution. The independent variable in this experiment are the different foods being tested. The dependent variable in this experiment is the presence of the macromolecules.
If feeding efficiency and reproduction have a direct correlation, and a population started with equal proportions of individuals with each of three feeding types, metal spoon, metal knife, and plastic fork, the frequency of the population with metal spoons as their feeding structure will increase in the next generation. While the frequency of metal knifes and plastic forks will decrease. Furthermore, since the organisms with the metal spoon feeding structure have a higher fitness level, this population will evolve by natural selection to a point where the metal spoon phenotype will be in abundant. While the organisms with metal knifes and plastic forks phenotypes will decrease in frequency due to the lack of reproduction. Eventually, if this population persist overtime, most of the organisms, if not all, will have the metal spoon phenotype, while very few, if not any, will have the metal knife or the plastic fork phenotype.
Enzymes are catalysts that function to speed up reactions; for example, the enzyme sucrose speeds up the hydrolysis of sucrose, which breaks down into glucose and fructose. They speed up reactions but are not consumed by the reaction that is taking place. The most important of the enzyme is the shape as it determines which type of reaction the enzyme speeds up. Enzymes work by passing/lowering and energy barrier and in doing so; they need to bind to substrates via the active. Once they do, the reaction speeds up so much more quickly than it would without the enzyme. Coenzymes and cofactors aid the enzyme when it comes to binding with the substrate. They change the shape of the active site so the substrate can bind properly and perform its function.
An association between enzyme production, gene copy number, and gene evolution was explored by conducting analysis of the salivary amylase enzyme, AMY1A gene copy number, and the ancestral starch consumption in Homo Sapiens (Tracey 2017, p.22). It was hypothesized that the relative amount of starch consumption was very high for my personal ancestral diet, thus my AMY1 diploid gene copy number in my genome and salivary amylase concentration would be significantly higher than the population mean. With a population of 28 subjects (n=28), individual saliva samples were collected and compared to a calibration curve to determine the approximate amylase concentration by analyzing absorbance values. Individual samples of buccal cheek cells were
Throughout the year, the nature around you changes. One of the things I have noticed the most, is the changes in the leaves. The changes in the colors happen year round, turning green to red and yellow to orange. The vibrant colors that the leaves give off, then set the mood of the season. But how do the same green leaves, change from green to the vibrant reddish color?
The most common macromolecules found in living organisms are lipids, carbohydrates, proteins and nucleic acids. Briefly, the meaning of macromolecules is that they normally contain two or more molecules in them and their main functions are to store energy, information and much more. Most foods are known to be combinations of macromolecules. While some of these compounds can be detected by taste tests, many cannot. Scientists then use certain tests to determine the presence of macromolecules.