Bio X Make Up Work

d. In 3.a (above) you mutated one letter. What role do you think the redundancy of the genetic code plays in this type of change?

d. In 3.a (above) you mutated one letter. What role do you think the redundancy of the genetic code plays in this type of change?

1.1 If SUMO-1 is mutated, does RNA editing activity change? I will first confirm the role of SUMO1 on ADAR 1 in an in vitro study mutational

Dr. Tina Henkin’s seminar “Flipping the switch: How cells use RNA to regulate genes expression”, was outlined by four general questions. The first question addressed in the seminar was “Why study Microbes?”. The next, “Why study bacterial gene regulation?”. The third question, “What are the basics of gene expression?”. Finally, “What’s special about riboswitches?”. Dr. Henkin addressed these questions throughout her seminar, which eventually led into to more specific questions of gene expression and predicted hypotheses of her model. However, to understand these more specific questions and predictions it is crucial to understand the first four questions outlined in the beginning of the seminar.

When scientists know what gene they want to manipulate they 'introduce double stranded DNA, or dsRNA to the cell.' The dsRNA produce small double-stranded interfering RNAs, or siRNA into the cytoplasm of the cell.5 from this the expression of the gene decreases drastically but does not get entirely eliminated, therefore showing the role of the targeted gene.

Changes anywhere within codon function must be capable of being tolerated genome-wide. This means that compensatory changes throughout the rest of the genome must occur if there are small changes to the genetic code. Random mutagenesis is unlikely to cause such stable changes. However, contemporary feats in engineering are enabling the possibility of making rational changes to the genetic code.

Stein, Rob. “Scientists Precisely Edit DNA In Human Embryos To Fix A Disease Gene.”NPR, 2 Aug. 2017, Web 9 Nov.

New gene editing tools/ technologies have made scientist excited about what to come. Researchers say that these tools that can fix human diseases are only a few years away. Chinese researchers have started to edit human embryos, those obtained from local fertility clinic because they contain an extra set of chromosomes. This article is important to my presentation because it not only shows progress from other countries but the enthusiasm for gene editing.

There have been many studies conducted using RNAi but very few have been conducted with using the Danio rerio, the zebrafish. However, the zebrafish is ideal for this study due to the fact that 70% of human genes share at least one obvious zebrafish orthologue. (Kerstin Howe, et. al, 2014) Furthermore, the zebrafish is one of the few species that posses the GABRB3 gene, which is linked to Aspergers Syndrome. The GABRB3 gene regulates the functioning of a neurotransmitter called gamma-aminobutyric acid. It has been said that the RNAi can be used to knock down the function of the gene, therefore “silencing” it. (Gopalakrishna; Slack; 2002)

It is imperative for the interpretation of genes and the production of proteins. Moreover, it is a precision guide that constructs the genome along fundamental and biochemical constraints. This played a key role in allowing the code to be conserved over the course of 3 billion years and enables it to shape how mutations affect the evolution of the genome.

First, piwi-interacting RNAs (piRNAs) are in the same class of small RNAs alone with miRNA, both RNAs requires a class of enzymes called Dicer to modify them so coevolution between piRNA and miRNA becomes possible. piRNAs are most abundantly expressed in Nematostella, Amphimedon and some mammalians. Class I piRNAs, also called mammalian pachytene piRNAs and class II piRNAs which used to silent some genes are both expressed in mammals and fruit flies prove that these piRNA classes may exist since the origin of metazoans. The piRNA evolution pattern states those two types of small riboregulators have been present since the very early stage of animal life evolution and

The lncRNAs transcripts will be given by the defined reference noncoding genome (Aim 1.1). An effect size of differential lncRNA transcript methylation (M_i) will be calculated for reference region i, similar as in Formula 2.

One of the fundamental discoveries of the 20th century was that DNA was the genetic code’s physical structure (Watson & Crick, 1953) and, since then, many studies have disclosed the complicated pattern of regulation and expression of genes, which involve RNA synthesis and its subsequent translation into proteins.

2009, Smalheiser NR, Neuromolecular Med. 2009, Ye Y Neural Plast. 2016, Kerstin Weiß European Journal of Cell Biology 2015, Neil R. Smalheiser Phil. Trans. R. Soc. B 2014, Iyengar BR Front Cell Neurosci. 2014). Certain specific miRNAs, for instance, miR-134, has been found in the dendritic spines of cultured hippocampal neurons (Schratt et al. 2006). It appears that these miRNAs are engaged in activity dependent, local modulation of translation that can in turn lead to stimulus dependent remodeling of dendritic spines. It is becoming increasingly obvious that many steps of gene expression, especially miRNA biogenesis and splicing, conventionally thought to be performed in the nucleus also occur in the dendritic spine. The presence of mRNAs that contain retained introns and precursors of miRNAs in the dendritic spines (Lugli et al. 2008) suggest that RNA is held in an inactive state which can be rapidly processed following external stimuli. Apart from miRNAs, the lncRNA being multifunctional molecule have emerged as an important component in the specialized neuronal compartments.

In 2011 Li et all published a journal article in Science describing a process that could have big consequences in the field of cellular biology and genetics. Although there are two known mechanism of post transcriptional RNA editing: adenosine turning into inosine (which during translation is interpreted as guanine) (A > I) and cytosine to uracil deamination (C > U), there were very few instances known where this was happening in a coding region that could affect translation and until now it was considered that DNA is faithfully translated into protein through RNA intermediates according to the central dogma of biology. In the paper published in Science the group claimed that they had identified upward of 10000 RNA/DNA mismatches many of which can produce changes in the protein sequence. The methodology used in the original paper was to sequence the mRNA expressed by an individual and compare it to the sequenced DNA. They called the differences between the mRNA sequence and DNA sequence RNA-DNA differences (RDD).