Bio300 Unit 1 Lab Report

All organisms, including plants and animals, oxidize glucose for energy. Often, this energy is used to convert ADP and phosphate into ATP. The process of complete oxidation involves glycolysis, Krebs cycle and electron transport chain. Besides ATP, pyruvate molecules, NADH and FADH2 will be

The anaerobic system known as the glycolytic pathway, uses glucose to produce ATP. Glucose is broken down into pyruvate through glycolysis to produce ATP. The amount of energy produced is very little, but you get the energy quickly. The glycolytic pathway is the second fastest way to resynthesize ATP and is the predominant energy system used for large bursts activities. Two exercises that utilize the glycolytic pathway are powerlifting such as bench press and deadlift.

Then, a phosphate is added to one of the the three carbon molecules, in addition to the reduction of NAD⁺ to NADH via triosephosphate dehydrogenase. In the first ATP generating step, a phosphate is transferred form the product of the last reaction to ADP via phosphoglycerate kinase. The next step switches the position of a phosphate group to yield 2-phosphoglycerate. Enolase then catalyzes a dehydration reaction to yield phophoenolpyruvate. The last energy producing step of glycolysis transfers a phosphate group to ADP and in the process, forms

As the muscles begin to exert force, in order to obtain quick energy, energy must be produced through an anaerobic pathway. The first step of carbohydrate metabolism is glycolysis where a chain of reactions take place to release the energy stored in glucose. Glycolysis is a ten reaction pathway, the first five reaction constituting of the preparatory phase and the final five constituting of the payoff phase. This process all occurs in the cytosol where the glucose molecule is split to form two molecules of pyruvate. The preparatory phase is the production of two molecules of glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate through phosphorylation of a glucose molecule. The consumption of 2 ATP molecule allows this phase to proceed. Reaction 1 is catalysed by hexokinase and is the phosphorylation of glucose to form glucose-6-phosphate. The phosphate group from ATP is transferred to glucose forming glucose-6-phosphate. This reaction is an exergonic reaction with a ΔG˚’=-16.7KJ/mol and the energy released by hydrolysis of ATP drives the reaction forward. Reaction 2 involves the isomerization of glucose-6-phosphate to fructose-6-phosphate. This reaction is catalyzed by phosphohexose isomerase and is an endergonic reaction with ΔG˚’=+1.7KJ/mol. In reaction 3, fructose-1-phosphate is further phosphorylated to produce fructose-1,6-bisphosphate. Second ATP is consumed in this endergonic reaction with ΔG˚’=

Uniquely, glycolysis is both anaerobic and aerobic. The end product pyruvate, from glycolysis, is anabolized to lactic acid when there is a need for energy without an adequate supply of oxygen available. This last step or reaction enables glycolysis to continue producing ATP without the need for oxygen, which is why it is called the anaerobic energy system (Fink, 2009).

The glucose carbon (6c) will break into two pyruvates (3C each), then one carbon will be lost in the link reaction that releases a CO2 molecule and adds a CoA the 2 carbon molecule forming Acetyl CoA. The Acetyl CoA molecule enters the kreb Cycle. It first gets associated with oxaloacetate (4C) that releases the CoA. Two CO2 molecules are released after the reduction of 2 NAD+ to 2 NADH. Which leaves us with a new Oxaloacetate molecule that will enter the Kreb cycle again.

2000. Very little energy is produced through this pathway, but the energy is gained very quickly. Once pyruvate is formed, it has two fates: conversion to lactate or conversion into metabolic intermediary molecule called acetyl co enzyme A (acetyl-CoA), and this enters the mitochondria for oxidation and the production of more ATP, Robergs & Roberts 1997. Conversion to lactate occurs when the demand for oxygen is greater than the supply, so for example during anaerobic exercise. Conversely, when there is enough oxygen available to meet the muscles needs, pyruvate, via the acetyl CoA) enters the mitochondria and goes through the aerobic metabolism.

Glycolysis is the first stage of cellular respiration that constitutes the most carbohydrate catabolism which means breaking down larger molecules into smaller types. The whole point of glycolysis is really to produce energy for the cell; therefore the first step of respiration is glycolysis. Glycolysis breaks down glucose and forms pyruvate with the production of two molecules of ATP. If oxygen is present than pyruvate cannot be used in anaerobic respiration, so glycolysis only occurs under aerobic conditions. Aerobic respiration requires the presence of oxygen while anaerobic respiration or fermentation does not. The product of fermentation process is CO2 and ethanol from pyruvate. Fermentation is how alcohol is made as ethanol is the drinking alcohol.

The two carbon molecule bonds four carbon molecule called oxaloacete forming a carbon molecule knew as citrate. The second step reaction is classified as oxidation/reductions reactions. This process is formed by two molecule of CO2 and one molecule of ATP. The cycle electrons reduce NAD and FAD, which join the H+ ions to form NADH and FADH2, this result to an extra NADH being formed during the transition. In the mitochondrion, four molecules of NADH and one molecule of FADH2 are produced for each molecule of pyruvate, two molecules of pyruyate enter the matrix for each molecule of oxidized glucose, as a result of these eight molecules of NADH+ two molecules are produced. Six molecules of NADH+, molecules of FADH2 and two molecules of ATP synthesize itself in Krebs cycle. As a result, no oxygen is used in the described reactions. During chimiosmosis, oxygen only plays a role in oxidative phosphorylation. The next step is the electron transport; the electrons are stored on NADH and FADH2 and are used to produce ATP. Electron transport chain is essential to make most ATP produced in cellular respiration. The NADH and FAD2 from the Krebs cycle drop their electrons at the beginning of the transport chain. When the electrons move along the electron transport chain, it gives power to pump the hydrogen along the membrane from the matrix into the intermediate space. This process forms a gradient concentration forcing the hydrogen through ATP syntheses attaching

Citric Acid Cycle is the third step that takes place in the mitochondria matrix also. the acetyl group from acetyl CoA is attached to a four-carbon oxaloacetate molecule to form a six-carbon citrate molecule. Through a series of steps, citrate is oxidized,

The first part of the breakdown of glucose is known as Glycolysis, in which one molecule of glucose is broken down to two molecules of pyruvate (C3H4O3). The second part is the fermentation process in which the two pyruvate molecules are converted to two molecules of ethanol and two molecules of carbon dioxide.

In aerobic respiration, glucose is split into two three-carbon molecules known as pyruvates in the first stage called glycolysis as alluded to earlier. Both of these products lose one carbon as carbon dioxide, and “[attaches] to coenzyme A, forming a new molecule called acetyl CoA” (Upadhyaya, 2015). Acetyl CoA is then inserted into what is known as the citric acid cycle. This eight-step cycle features the synthesis, degradation, and regeneration of citrate while releasing carbon dioxide and reducing electron carriers NAD+ and FAD to NADH and FADH2 (Reece, 2013). The reduced (term for a molecule that has gained at least one electron) carriers proceed to the inner membrane of the mitochondria where the electrons are transferred over to the first of four systematic proteins that make up the electron transport chain where oxidative phosphorylation occurs (Reece, 2013). ‘Pulled’ by the electronegative oxygen at the end of the chain, the electrons navigate through the chain, creating an environment that enables protons to travel across the membrane (Reece, 2013). This proton-motive force, or high concentration of hydrogen ions, eventually diffuses back through the membrane through its only route: ATP synthase; it is this protein that generates ATP via phosphorylation (Reece, 2013).

the citric acid or Krebs cycle and 3) electron transport system. The glycolytic pathway or

The remaining carbon atoms are breaking down from each other and also releasing CO2. The electron transport chain acquire electron from breaking down products from the first two stages and passes these molecules from one another. At the end of the chain, the molecules are combined with molecular oxygen and hydrogen ions, forming water. This energy released is stored in a form of mitochondrion or prokaryotic cell that can be use to make ATP from ADP and this mode of ATP synthesis is called oxidative phosphorylation. Fermentation is anaerobic process that does not need oxygen. A yeast cell is able to switch from aerobic cellular respiration to alcohol fermentation when is needed. Monosaccharide is the simplest carbohydrate that active alone or servers as a monomer for disaccharides and polysaccharides. Disaccharide is a double sugar, containing two monosaccharaides attached by a glycosidic linkage formed by dehydration reaction. Polysaccharide is a polymer of many monosaccharides. . Redox reaction is the relocation of one or more electrons from one reactant to another. The citric acid cycle plays a role on oxidizing organic fuel that derived from the pyruvate. The cycle creates 1 ATP per turn by substrate-level phosphorylation, but most of the chemical energy is transferred to NAD+ and a related electron carrier, the coenzyme FAD during the redox reaction. The redox

Creating CO2, this cleaving of carbons happens 3 times creating 3 CO2 for each citric acid. The krebs also turn some NAD+ into NADH. They do this 3 times. Also the Krebs take ADP and turn it into ATP. THey turn FAD into FADH2 as well. After all of this is done the Krebs are left with what they started again, one Oxaloacetic. Since two Citric acids are made because of the two pyruvates from the Glycolysis family, the family does this process twice. They also end up making a total of 6 NADHs, 2 ATPs, 2 FADH2s. The Krebs also receive the 2 ATPs, 2 NADHs from the Glycolysis family, also they have two NADHs from the pyruvate processing. So in total The Krebs family has a total of 4 ATPs, 10 NADHs, and 2 FADH2. They send this all to the third family, the Electron Transport Chain, (ETC).