Biochemistry

Oxidation of NADH and FADH2to H2O (and NAD or FAD). Generates H ion concentration gradient and therefore ATP.

In photosynthesis H+ ions are vital in the production of the energy source that is ATP, which is used in several metabolic processes, such as respiration. The photolysis of water produces H+ ions, electrons and O2. The excited electrons lose energy as they move along the electron transport chain, this energy is used to transport the H+ ions (protons) in to the thylakoid, which causes a higher concentration of H+ than there is in the stroma, thus causing a proton gradient across the membrane. The H+ then proceed to move down the concentration gradient into the stroma via the enzyme ATP synthase. The energy from this process is called chemiosmosis and combines ADP with inorganic phosphate (Pi) to form ATP. Light energy is then absorbed by photosystem I (PS I) which excites the electrons to a higher energy level. These electrons are transferred to NADP with H+ ions from the stroma to form reduced NADP. The whole of this process is

A). The anaerobic metabolism of glucose to pyruvate is called glycolysis. This sequence of reactions will generate two molecules of pyruvate for every one molecule of glucose. This metabolism is anaerobic, which means that it does not require oxygen to be completed. The first phase of the process of glycolysis is called the preparatory phase. The entire process of glycolysis is started once glucose is trapped inside

gluconeogenesis slow down in which release of glucose to the blood stream is also slowed down

• The lack of functional aldolase B results in accumulation of fructose-1-phosphate in liver cells.

Part II: For the following questions, provide your response in short-answer format (2–3 detailed sentences each). Use this Phase’s activities and resources to assist you in answering.

Enzymes are a key aspect in our everyday life and are a key to sustaining life. They are biological catalysts that help speed up the rate of reactions. They do this by lowering the activation energy of chemical reactions (Biology Department, 2011).

Glycolysis is followed by the Krebs cycle, however, this stage does require oxygen and takes place in the mitochondria. During the Krebs cycle, pyuvic acid is broken down into carbon dioxide in a series of energy-extracting reactions. This begins when pyruvic acid produced by glycolysis enters the mitochondria. As the cycle continues, citric acid is broken down into a 4-carbon molecule and more carbon dioxide is released. Then, high-energy electrons are passed to electron carriers and taken to the electron transport chain. All this produces 2 ATP, 6 NADH, 2 FADH, and 4 CO2 molecules.

I moved a boulder once. It made waves on which I surfed. I've seen the bluest waters; F. Scott Fitzgerald labeled them as, ‘blue honey.' Then I rode a horse in the pampas through fields with great friends.

Enzymes are very efficient catalysts for biochemical reactions. They speed up reactions by providing an alternative reaction pathway of lower activation energy. Like all catalysts, enzymes take part in the reaction - that is how they provide an alternative reaction pathway. But they do not undergo permanent changes and so remain unchanged at the end of the reaction. They can only alter the rate of reaction, not the position of the equilibrium. Enzymes are usually highly selective, catalyzing specific reactions only. This specificity is due to the shapes of the enzyme molecules.

I recently graduated from Tulane University School of Medicine (TUSOM) with my Masters of Biomedical Science in Biochemistry and Molecular Biology. The curriculum consisted of four medical school courses (Medical Microbiology, Medical Immunology, Cellular Biochemistry, and Metabolic Biochemistry) in addition to other rigorous coursework. I had the opportunity to regularly attend grand rounds alongside medical students, residents, and physicians. In the process, I had the chance to learn about emerging medical topics, recent advancements in established fields, and some of the problems encountered during the delivery of health care. Furthermore, I discussed these topics in a small group format for the Medical Biochemistry Grand Rounds Externship

Aside from having an interest in biochemistry i have many other interests and hobbies. I play cricket for harrow and am enrolled in badminton and swimming clubs which requires excellent cooperation and teamwork. I also have developed leadership skills when doing the Duke of Edinburgh Bronze Award and doing NCS The Challenge has given me responsibility when volunteering at care homes. I have also been volunteering for St Lukes Hospice by working in the shops around my area and caring for the terminally ill patients. In addition I have took part in organised charity runs and fund-raised money for a the wonderful cause. Having the role as a senior prefect in the sixth form gives me a chance to represent and help out my school frequently. Working

An enzyme is a catalyst. Catalysts are known for speeding up the rate of reactions by lowering the activation energy of the biochemical reaction. (Reece et al., 2011)

The first step of fructose metabolism in the liver utilizes the enzyme fructokinase. The reaction takes fructose plus atp, catalyzed by fructokinase, into fructose-1-phosphate plus adp. The second step in this pathway then takes the aforementioned fructose-1-phospate, which is now the substrate and is catalyzed by fructose-1-phosphate aldolase, into glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone

order to convert biochemical energy to ATP and release waste. Most of the steps are