Biodiesel As A Alternative Fuel Source

When adding 3-methyl-1-butanol, sulphuric acid and ethanoic acid heat were produced by the colourless mixture, which pertained a smell of sulphuric acid. Once heating began, the solution quickly changed to orange and continued to rapidly change to a darker colour. After approximately six minutes, it began to bubble and the colour was now a dark red colour, very similar to the shade of a cherry. At this point, the liquid began to vaporise, rising up to the condenser about a third way before it was condensed to a liquid which ran back down the condenser to the pear shaped flask. The strong smell of the sulphuric smell began to fade, the smell it was replaced with still smelt strong and bad but to a less extent. The mixture remained a dark red colour for the remaining duration of the reflux process, continually bubbling.

The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize isopentyl acetate via an esterification reaction between acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol, using concentrated sulfuric acid as a catalyst. The product was washed with sodium hydrogen carbonate, as well as with water, then dried with anhydrous sodium sulfate. The product was then distilled using a Hickman still and characterized using infrared spectroscopy. The percent yield of isopentyl acetate was 61.52%. This may have been low due to not all of the condensed product being removed from the Hickman still, some product being lost during transfer of the product from the reaction tube into the Hickman still, or the loss of some product due to evaporation during distillation.

The main purpose of this experiment was to synthesize banana oil (isopentyl acetate.) Ester are often prepared by the Fischer esterification method, which involves heating a carboxylic acid with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst.

This sulfuric acid catalyzed Fischer esterification reaction used excess acetic acid reacted with isopentyl alcohol to create isopentyl acetate. Because the reaction is reversible it was necessary to use excess acetic acid to drive the reaction forward and favor the formation of product in accordance with Le

Abstract: The purpose of this experiment was to synthesize Isoamyl Acetate, the fruity ester that produces a banana fragrance, by a reversible reaction called esterification. The reaction was prepared by the process of refluxing a solution of acetic acid and 3-methyl-1-butonal. The organic layer of solution was processed through a distillation apparatus where an impure fraction and pure fraction was collected. Infrared (IR) spectroscopy data was collected on both fractions and compared to an IR ran on the starting alcohol (3-methly-1-butonal). The actual yield was 15.3 grams less than the theoretical yield producing a percent yield of 34.8 %. The IR data determined the starting alcohol was present in the final product indicating the sample was impure.

Purpose: The purpose of the experiment was to perform the acid-catalyzed Fischer Esterification of acetic acid and isopentyl alcohol to form isopentyl acetate, or banana oil, which is used in flavor industries. The equilibrium of the reaction was changed by adding an excess amount of acetic acid. The reaction was refluxed and product was purified by extraction and distillation. Isopentyl acetate was analyzed by infrared spectroscopy and 1H NMR spectroscopy.

The main purpose of this experiment was to synthesize an unknown ester using Fischer esterification reaction between an unknown carboxylic acid and an unknown alcohol as reactants as well as sulfuric acid as a catalyst. At the first step, the reaction mixture was created using the two key reactants, then the product was isolated by removing the aqueous layer. Through the distillation process, the crude product was purified to generate a clear liquid with a banana like odor as a final product of the reaction. The final product was a clear liquid with a banana like odor that usually comes from banana oil existed either in pure isoamyl acetate or pentyl acetate. The unknown ester was identified by using three common techniques IR, 13C NMR, and

The Transesterification process is the reaction of a triglyceride (fat/oil) with an alcohol to form esters and glycerol (Wahab Maqbool, 2010). A triglyceride has a glycerine molecule as its base with three long chain fatty acids attached. During the esterification process, the triglyceride is reacted with alcohol in the presence of a catalyst, usually a strong alkaline like sodium hydroxide. The alcohol reacts with the fatty acids to form the mono-alkyl ester, or biodiesel and crude glycerol. In most production methanol or ethanol is the alcohol used (methanol produces methyl esters, ethanol produces ethyl esters) and is base catalyzed by either potassium or sodium

The objective of this lab was to synthesize an unknown ester using Fischer etherification, which involved using a carboxylic acid and an unknown alcohol as the reactants, and sulfuric acid as a catalyst. First, a reaction mixture was created using the reactants. Then the reaction product was isolated by removing the aqueous layer. After isolation, the crude ester product was purified using distillation. The final product was a clear liquid with a banana like odor. It was established that the banana like odor was coming from banana oil that is either pure isoamyl acetate or amyl (pentyl acetate). To identify the unknown ester IR, 13C NMR, and 1H NMR was obtained. IR spectroscopy, which showed prominent, peaks at 1737.54 cm-1, 1366.50 cm-1, 1228.27

Castor oil hydrolysis generates lipolysate containing unique hydroxy fatty acid and glycerol as major products. Although various methods for isolating this hydroxy fatty acid i.e. ricinoleic acid (RA) have been reviewed, there is a need for development of a industrious separation methodology. In this regard, chromatography method based on a non-aqueous ion exchange was explored to separate RA and glycerol. The anionic ion exchange resins having styrene-divinyl benzene copolymer as matrix base and tertiary or quaternary amino as functional groups facilitated selective adsorption of RA. The studies on adsorbent screening, adsorbent amount and initial concentration of RA were systemically carried out. The parameters such as ratio of tert-butanol:Water,

In this experiment, methyl benzoate was synthesized from benzoic acid and methanol with acid catalyze using Fisher Esterification. First benzoic acid and methanol were mixed in 100 mL round bottom flask. We cooled the mixture in ice and poured 3 mL of conc. H2SO4 and swirled to mix compounds. Then we refluxed the mixture for 1 hour. We let the solution cool and then decanted into a separatory funnel containing 50 mL of water and rinsed the round bottom flask with 35 mL of tert-butyl methyl ether and added that to a separatory funnel. We shook and vented thoroughly and drained the aqueous layer which contained a bulk of methanol and H2SO4. We washed the solution in the separatory funnel with 25 mL of water, followed by 25 mL of sat. sodium bicarbonate

Alexandra et al, investigated the esterification of oleic acid with methanol by homogeneous catalyst that is 4-dodecylbenzesulfonic acid. Firstly, this catalyst was compared with sulfuric acid and p-toluene sulfunic. It was shown the result that reaction rate increased with increasing hydrophobic of the catalyst. Secondly, the effect of the parameter in esterification reaction was studied. It was observed that quantity of catalyst and temperature increase the reaction rate. Another parameter, methanol shown an almost negligible effect. Conversely, water have decrease reaction rate owning to water phase removed efficiency of catalyst. Third , the kinetics of esterification show a decrease in the concentration of catalyst , methanol and volume of the reaction solution when was the problem of the separation of the

Biodiesel is a cleaner diesel fuel for diesel engines in many types of vehicles. It is safer for the environment and is a cleaner version of diesel. It is made from soybeans and other vegetation. It is made with a process called transesterification it seperates glycerin from fat or oil and then methyl esters and glycerin is what is left over and used for the fuel.

For the past three decades Oil dominates the agenda of political discussion. With scares over price volatility, sizes of reserves, international imports and least of which are the environmental impacts due to carbon dioxide and other emissions. Various speculations and educated guesses place our total depletion of crude oil within the next 50 years and there is a general consensus between environmentalists that we steer toward a hydrogen transportation system given the projected work and nonexistent carbon dioxide emissions (Environmental Technologies class lecture, Santa Clara University). However many barriers stand in the way of attaining such a goal, most of which pertaining

Oil used were lauric oil, vegetable oil and lard. Each triacylglycerol was weighed to 1.0g. Each were placed n separate round bottom flask.. 15mL of 5% alcoholic KOH was added into each flask from a burette. KOH was used in order to hydrolyze the glyceryl esters to glycerol and the potassium salts of fatty acids. Alcoholic KOH was used to allow oil be soluble in it. [1] Two to three pieces of boiling chips were added so as to prevent formation of large bubbles [1]. It was then subjected to reflux for an hour. After which, it was then cooled to room temperature. The solution was then transferred into an Erlenmeyer flask. Small amounts of hexane were added to rinse of remaining oil from the round bottom flask. It was then titrated with 0.5M HCl, using 1% phenolphthalein as the indicator. Volume of KOH used was used to determine the saponification number by using the eq. 2