Biogenic Amines

The immune system depends on the body’s structures to help it function. For instance, the skin acts as the “body’s first line of defense.” If a pathogen finds a breach in the skin barrier, it is the circulatory system that must now signal the immune system of the invader. Shortly after, white blood cells will be notified of the infection and will target and destroy the pathogen.

However the 52-week toxicity in infant monkeys and the 2010 Swiss mice studies has provided pivotal, contradictory evidence to the aspartame debate. Dr. Waisman at the University of Wisconsin Medical Center located in Madison Wisconsin initiated the 52-week toxicity study in infant monkeys in 1971 . This study orally served Aspartame mixed in milk formula to seven infant Rhesus monkeys over a 52-week period . Waisman put the monkeys into three groups: a low dose group (1.0 g/kg), a medium dose group (3.0 g/kg) and a high dose group (4-6 g/kg) . There was no control group, meaning there was not a group of newborn monkeys that were not fed aspartame. Since monkeys are primates similar to humans—with only a 1.2 percent genetic difference—monkeys were chosen to study the effects of aspartame on primates. Data shows that one monkey from the high dosage group died over 300 days, five of seven suffered grad mal seizures in the low dose group starting on the 218th day of treatment, and all monkeys in the medium and high dose groups exhibited seizures . According to data, the seizures coincided with the levels of phenylalanine . One should note that in the low dose group there was not a significant increase in serum phenylalanine levels; therefore, convulsions were not expected . Overall, the findings of this study correlated brain seizures with high amounts of aspartame particularly phenylalanine ingested by the monkeys, but at low dosages no biologically meaningful alterations occurred . In addition, the study reported food intake and growth rate were reduced when compared to the historical range . (This data can be studied in figures two to four .) Though the evidence of this study correlates aspartame with brain seizures, the FDA still approved aspartame for human consumption. This is because there are issues with the studies sample size and procedures. The study did not use a large sample of

What has been brought to light in recent years is the effects of these chemicals on the body’s immune response. By introducing these toxic chemicals into the body, the potency of the immune system is compromised. More commonly than not, the body’s magnificent defense system will kick in and destroy foreign invaders but all it can take is an overwhelming amount of chemicals to slow or even shut down the body’s response systems. A large amount of these types of chemicals introduced into the body at one time would be considered acute toxicity and could even cause death. Additionally, a small amount of these poisonous substances brought into the body over a long period would be considered chronic toxicity and can have detrimental effects on the body’s natural response (Hoernschemeyer 55-57). This information is startling enough to want to make a change from conventionally grown food to pesticide-free organic

Ammonium Sulfate is a substance added to pesticides. It is unknown at this time as a carcinogen but it’s been suspected in gastrointestinal, liver, central nervous system (CNS) and respiratory system toxicity. On its MSDS sheet all hazards identification on carcinogen, mutatagenic (cellular mutations), teratogenic (fetal development) and developmental toxicity are listed as “not available”. (ScienceLab, MSDS)

Overwhelming, deleterious host immune response to an infection due to release of chemicals to fight the infection 2• 1

Lymphocytes that become part of cell-mediated immunity arm of the adaptive immune response develop in the:

Conduct studies on food, air, water and soil to determine how they are altered when coming into contact with medicines, garden chemicals and industrial chemicals

Through extensive research, scientists have concluded that artificial sweeteners are carcinogenic; a cancer causing agent. Scientific research has revealed that cyclamate in combination with saccharin, the two main ingredients in artificial sweeteners, caused bladder cancer in laboratory rats. Though test where not done on humans scientist believe that the long-term effect of using artificial sweeteners would lead to the same complications in humans. Amino acids are biologically important organic compounds composed of amine and carboxylic acid functional groups. The human body needs amino acids to thrive. It is documented that ingestion of high amounts of artificial amino acids found in artificial sweeteners can have adverse effects on the human body such as cancer.

The immune system is made up of trillions of specialised cells (white blood cells) that detect and destroy pathogens or their toxins. Some white blood cells, which are

Human beings are born with immunity as well as they acquire it from the environment they grow in. Human innate immunity is assigned the task to hinder the harmful substances from entering the body. These immunity barriers develop a defense line. The innate immunity includes cough, tear enzymes, mucus, skin and the stomach acid. Hence, the role of innate immune system is to stop harmful materials from entering our body. In case the innate immunity is insufficient to fight, there is acquired immunity that fights harmful substances by getting exposed to various antigens. The acquired immunity is developed against specific antigen. Its role is to fight

Many laboratory studies have shown that acrylamide causes a variety of tumors in rats and mice. When male and female rats were given 3.0mg/kg bw/day acrylamide in drinking water for two years, the incidence of tumors increased in scrotum, adrenal, thyroid, mammary, oral cavity, and uterus. However, there is no definite evidence that acrylamide produces tumors in humans. Acrylamide has been classified by the US EPA as a B2, a probable human carcinogen, by IARC (International Agency for Research on Cancer) as a 2B, a possible human carcinogen, and by ACGIH (American Conference of Industrial Hygienists) as an A3, confirmed animal carcinogen with unknown relevance to humans.

Children are less likely to experience aslow heart rate, sweating, muscle tremors or tear production, but are more likely toexperience lethargy, muscle weakness, constricted pupils, excessive production of saliva,seizures, or coma. Other, more severe conditions such as intermediate syndrome andOrganophosphate-Induce Delayed Neuropathy (OPIDN) can occur at very high exposurelevels (Gervais et.al, pp. 3-4).4. Dose-Response AssessmentIn the laboratory, rats and rabbits were exposed to varying levels of Malathion todetermine its effects. Death occurred in rats at levels 1,000-12,500 mg per kilogram ofbody weight when ingested. When placed on the skin, death occurred at 2000 mg/kg orgreater. When inhaled, death occurred at greater than 5.2 mg/L. As these figures arebased on body weight and lung capacity, death in humans would require significantlyhigher exposures, which is why the EPA considers Malathion to be low or very low intoxicity (Gervais et.al, pp. 2-3).Five humans ingested Malathion (voluntarily) at 0.23mg/kg/day for 47 days, andshowed no notable reduction in the activity of AChE. When the dose was increased to0.34mg/kg/day for 56 days, all five volunteers showed signs of reduced activity of AChEtwo weeks after the experiment began. The highest amount of AChE reduction was 25%,which was recorded up to 3 weeks after the end of the experiment. The inhalation trialsincluded doses of 5.3, 21.0, and 85.0 mg/m3 for one hour, twice a day for 42 consecutivedays. The volunteers reported eye and nose irritation for 5-10 minutes following thebeginning of exposure, but no reduction in AChE activity was found (Gervais et.al, p.5).Fish and rats were

The median concentration (nM) of serine amino acid extracted from crayfish was higher (M = 98, IQR = 20.5), compare to the sculpin amino acid extract (M=1 5, IQR = 20.5) shown in table 1 and 2. Likewise, threonine amino acid concentration was absorbed at a lower medium from sculpin (M = 6, IQR = 32.5), then threonine extracted from crayfish (M = 67, IQR = ). Arginine (M= 57, IQR = 60.5) and lysine (M = 78, IQR = 59) amino acid concentrations was measured at a higher value in sculpin extract, than what was measured from catfish extract. The concentration was collected based on the highest two amino

Synthetic pesticides hand been in existence for not less than two decades but could be found everywhere in our water, soil, animals, plants, unborn children and even human mother’s milk. These pesticides where chemicals used for warfare and was produced during World War II that were found to kill insects. The chemicals are made by manipulating atoms and molecules and were being experimented to test the chemical killing of other

One that is not yet ready to eat will be hard to the same pres-