Bioinformatics, Identifying an unknown strand of DNA. Essay examples

Then the tRNA molecules link together and transfer the amino acid to the ribosome. An Anticodons pair with a codon takes the

The four names of the nitrogenous bases of the DNA are adenine, thymine, guanine, and cytosine. The word "adenine" was created in the 19th century in German from the Greek words “adēn” "gland" and "in". The word "cytosine" was coined in the 19th century from the German word "cytosin" from cyto- "cell", -ose and the chemical suffix -ine. The word "guanine" comes from the English words "guano" and "ine" and was also created in the 19th century. The word “thymine” comes from words “thymus” and the suffix -ine.

Mitochondria and chloroplasts have two membranes that surround them. The inner membrane is probably from the engulfed bacterium and this is supported by that the enzymes and proteins are most like their counterparts in prokaryotes. The outer membrane is formed from the plasma membrane or endoplasmic reticulum of the host cell. The electron transport enzymes and the H+ ATPase are only found in the mitochondria and chloroplasts of the eukaryotic cell. (2)

Wischusen, William, Jolissaint, Ann, Reiland, Jane, and Pomarico, Steven. 2012. Biology 1208/1209: Biological Laboratories for Science Majors. Hayden McNeil, Plymouth,

7. The theory of endosymbiosis says that mitochondria and plastids used to be small prokaryotes living within larger cells. The prokaryotic ancestors of mitochondria and plastids were bacteria engulfed by a larger cell. Because they both benefited from this situation, the bacteria living inside the cell was passed down from generation to generation. The evidence is that mitochondria reproduce and move independently within the cell.

C. A chromatid is a chromosome that has been replicated but has not yet separated from its sister chromatid.

SUFFOLK COUNTY COMMUNITY COLLEGE MICHAEL J. GRANT CAMPUS, BRENTWOOD NY BIO 150—MODERN BIOLOGY I INSTRUCTOR: DR. JAMES F. REMSEN, JR. ADDENDUM TO COURSE OUTLINE Instructor email: remsenj@sunysuffolk.edu Phone: (631) 851-6824 Office: Sagtikos 110 Office Hours Spring 2013: M Tu Th 11:00 A.M.-12:15 P.M. W 6:00-7:15 P.M. (Virtual) This addendum addresses how I run my classroom and what I expect of students above and beyond what is presented in the syllabus. I also offer tips for success in the course, and advice to help you determine if this course will meet your career goals once you complete it. Please take this information in the spirit in which it is offered: to foster a better learning environment, and to help you avoid outcomes that are

The wild type (WT) and most common color is black, while the mutant type (T) is a lighter tan spore. Each spore must be carefully analyzed along a chain of eight to accurately determine if cross-over played a role in the creation of the ascus. Three different forms of ascus are possible through sexual reproduction of separate hyphae. The different forms are caused by chromosomal cross-over when homologous pairs attach during Prophase I of meiosis. An ascus showing a 4:4 ration of WT to T spores represents an ascus that did not undergo any cross-over. There are two different patterns of cross-over found in Sordaria with the ratios of 2:2:2:2 and 2:4:2 (WT to T spores or vice versa). The different ratios are determined by which sister chromatid that genetic information was crossed over, the ends of the chromosomes being the most

4. Compare and contrast the structure of a fungal mycelium with the structure of a filamentous alga.

A protein has multiple existing structures, these are the primary, secondary, tertiary and quaternary structures which occur progressively. A protein is essentially a sequence of amino acids which are bonded adjacently, and interact with one another in various ways depending on the R group that the amino acid contains. There are 20 different amino acids which are able to be arranged in any given order, thus giving rise to a potential 2.433x1018 (4.s.f) different combinations, and therefore interactions between the various amino acids.

The graph of our results showed the percentage of male gametophytes increasing and then leveling off (Figure 1). This was our trend because most of the points followed this pattern, however; there was a potential outlier at point (68, 32.3). The distribution of gametophytes on the culture plates varied. Plates A and F had even distribution but were very crowed with gametophytes, while plates D and C were evenly distributed but had less gametophytes. Plate E had clumping of gametophytes in the top left corner and plate B had clumping the the bottom right corner.

Proteins are polymeric chains that are built from monomers called amino acids. All structural and functional properties of proteins derive from the chemical properties of the polypeptide chain. There are four levels of protein structural organization: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. Primary structure is defined as the linear sequence of amino acids in a polypeptide chain. The secondary structure refers to certain regular geometric figures of the chain. Tertiary structure results from long-range contacts within the chain. The quaternary structure is the organization of protein subunits, or two or more independent polypeptide chains.

This is done by means of the aminoacyl attachment site (the site at which the amino acid is attached to the tRNA molecule). Each tRNA molecule, by means of their anticodons (a sequence of three exposed free bases complimentary to that of the codons on

DNA is a long curved structure, made up of pairs of four specific bases: adenine, guanine, cytosine, and thymine, is the repository of a code from which all of our cells are made. The code is made up of base pairs which look like the

In most instances, protein molecules are usually embedded from hundreds to thousands of amino acids. A repertoire of twenty different amino acids, joined in any possible sequence allows the existence of an inconceivably large number of proteins that is infinite in nature.