Biological Concepts And Ideas And Processes

In regards to the behavioural and biological perspective obesity as a health issue is defined by

In Vitro Fertilization, or IVF for short, is a medical procedure where an embryo is created outside the body under artificial laboratory conditions . IVF involves a five-step process: ovulation induction, egg retrieval, fertilization, embryo development, and embryo transfer 1. In brief, the technique involves using medicine to help stimulate the natural ovary process, increasing the production of eggs. The removal of matured eggs follows and fertilization occurs in a Petri dish 2. The fertilized egg, embryo, is carefully monitored and cultured through incubation for several days and once healthy, is transferred to the uterus of the surrogate for implantation . Because of the unnatural

Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is a procedure couples use to test the normality of their offspring’s genes. This procedure is used for couples that have a known risk of passing on a genetic abnormality to their offspring. PGD is used all around the world to help couples become pregnant with healthy babies that aren’t diagnosed with a genetic disease passed down from them. PGD is used to select an embryo that isn’t affected by a genetic disease such as cystic fibrosis. PGD is available to test for single gene disorders, translocations, inversions, chromosomal, aneuploidy or X-linked disorders. Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis is a procedure used prior to implantation to help identify genetic defects within embryos. This serves to prevent certain genetic diseases or disorders from being passed on to the child. The embryos used in PGD are usually created during the process of in vitro fertilisation (IVF). When used to screen for a specific genetic disease, its main advantage is that it avoids selective pregnancy termination as the

In-virto fertilization (IVF) and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) can both be used when there is difficulty for a couple to naturally conceive on their own. IVF is defined as a complex series of procedures used to treat fertility or genetic problems and assist with the conception of a child. During IVF, mature eggs are collected from your ovaries and fertilized by sperm in a lab. IVF is the most effective assisted form of reproduction. PGD is defined as the testing of pre-implantation stage embryos or oocytes for genetic defects. It has been developed for couples whose potential offspring are at risk of severe Mendelian disorders, structural chromosome abnormalities or mitochondrial disorders.

In-virto fertilization (IVF) and pre-implantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) can both be used when there is difficulty for a couple to naturally conceive on their own. IVF is defined as a series of procedures used to treat fertility or genetic problems and assist with the conception of a child. During IVF, mature eggs are collected from your ovaries and fertilized by sperm in a lab. IVF is the most effective assisted form of reproduction. PGD is defined as the testing of pre-implantation stage embryos or oocytes for genetic defects. It has been developed for couples whose potential offspring are at risk of severe Mendelian disorders, structural chromosome abnormalities or mitochondrial disorders.

Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a procedure that tests early-stage human embryos for genetic defects. Its main use is to test for heritable genetic disorders and chromosomal abnormalities, and it may be used to find embryos that are a tissue match for siblings who are living with certain genetic conditions. To undergo PGD, an embryo is created via in vitro fertilisation (IVF), the process by which fusion of an egg and sperm occurs in a laboratory culture dish.

From this the embryos are cultured for up to 5 days and if viable, one or more are placed in the uterus for the remaining reproductive cycle to occur (Sherbahn, 2015). Furthermore, current assisted reproductive techniques such as intrauterine insemination have decreased the time required for the procedure and increased the chances of pregnancy (IVF Australia, 2015). These procedures however, are only applicable for cases which involve physical or environmental problems such as low sperm counts or poor motility of sperm in males or endometriosis in females (Todd, 2015) and therefore can not help people that have genetic issues with their gametes which is a more difficult issue to overcome.

People who are planning a pregnancy generally strive to give birth to a healthy child that is free of notable handicap. To achieve such an end, preimplantation genetic diagnosis is sometimes offered to the minority of persons who have in vitro fertilization. Preimplantation genetic diagnosis (PGD) is a technique used to test for certain genetic abnormalities in embryos produced by in vitro fertilization prior to implantation in the uterus. The screening for genetic defects occurs at the six to ten cell stage of embryonic development. Using polymerase chain reaction, the cellular DNA is tested for chromosomal abnormalities or genetic mutations. The embryos found to have serious genetic disorders are either discarded or frozen indefinitely. The

In Vitro Fertilization, more commonly known as IVF treatment is the process of combining a woman’s eggs and a man’s sperm in a dish where the healthiest embryo, or multiple, are then implanted in the woman’s uterus. IVF is an extensively discussed topic through separate countries and the laws and restrictions behind it. It is a process which allows couples having trouble with infertility, and a number of other social pairings, to be able to conceive children. But one of the biggest issues behind IVF and what prevents it from being legal in some countries is the ethics behind it and whether or not it could have an impact on the baby being conceived, or its parents. Although IVF treatment is legal in New Zealand and has been since 1978 there is still a lot of controversy on the topic about the quality of life of those involved. Although IVF treatment allows those who cannot conceive a child naturally to still be able to have children there are still many risks behind it as with any scientific procedure. Some research points to IVF treatment causing an increase in birth defects such as autism, intrauterine growth retardation and mental retardation. Pregnancies caused by IVF have also shown a higher rate of miscarriages and premature labour. As well as the risks to the foetus, the parents are also at certain risks. The hormonal drugs the female is required to take to undergo the IVF process can have an effect on her in her life such as hot flushes, headaches and nausea. However,

In the United States, an estimated 2.3 million couples are considered infertile [Wekesser, 1996]. This creates a large need for infertility specialists and clinics specializing in fertility treatments. With the quickly advancing field of rep roductive services and the quest for creating better, healthier babies, a new service called Preimplantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD) is being offered in conjunction with In vitro fertilization.

IVF is a procedure where the egg is fertilised by sperm outside the body. In-Vitro translates to “In Glass” hence why the babies are called test tube babies. In order to be eligible for IVF all contenders must attempt to conceive a child for a year before making an appointment. They are then transferred onto a waiting list which can take as long as 1 and a half years. Pre-implantation genetic diagnosis is a socio-scientific issue. The definition being a problematic social issue which relates to science. These issues are seen by some as open ended with several outcomes or solutions. There are countless beliefs and views about almost every topic in

For the average American who grows up watching television shows and reading books that portray the lives of families, he sees the path of life is to go to school, get married, have kids, and work. After growing up knowing that the goal is to eventually have children, whether the reason is from American culture, or an evolutionary drive to pass on their genes, it can be devastating to learn that they are not able to conceive a child naturally. When this is the case the couple may seek out another way to have a child, one of their options is In vitro fertilization, or IVF. IVF is the process of fertilizing an egg outside of the body and then implanting the egg in the uterus for the duration of the pregnancy. The process of IVF has become relatively common, with about 165,000 IVF procedures being performed in 2012 according to the Society for Assisted Reproductive Technology1.

IVF is known as in vitro fertilisation. This procedure is done by removing an egg from a female, and a sperm cell from the male and combining the egg and sperm in a test tube. These two then form together and create a zygote, which then begins separating into and forming an embryo . Pre-implantation Genetic Diagnosis (PGD). It is known as the pre testing of pre-implanted embryos for genetic disorders. This operation has been put into place for couples whose offspring will potentially have a risk of inheriting a genetic disorder from the parents . PGD tests for many disorders that can affect the unborn embryo/baby. Some of the diseases that can be scanned for are recessive sex-linked disorders, dominant sex-linked disorders, and single gene disorders. The recessive sex-linked disorders can include Haemophilia, fragile –X syndrome, Spinal Muscular atrophy, and Myotonic Dystrophy. Other disorders that can be inherited are the dominant sex-linked disorders which can consist of Rhett Syndrome, incontinentia pigmenti, and pseudohypererparathyroidis. Some of the single gene disorders that can also be inherited include cystic fibrosis, Huntington’s disease, Tay-sachs, and sickle cell anaemia. It is said that in New Zealand alone there is a 1 in 4 chance of inheriting the disorder, and is most likely to occur with advanced maternal age, recurrent miscarriages and chromosome abnormalities . Some of the women that can benefit from PGD, are

The process of PGD occurs in six main steps. The first step requires the participant to undergo normal IVF treatment to collect and fertilise their eggs. Then the collected embryo is grown in the laboratory for two to three days until the cell have divided and the embryo consists of around eight cells. Once this stage is reached a training embryologist will remove one or two of the cells from the embryo. The fourth step involves the cells being tested. They are tested to see whether the embryo in which they removed contains the gene that causes the specific genetic condition in their family. The following step involves the embryos

Some of the critics against the procedure of PGD have established their objections on religious faiths, giving rise to moral dilemmas. This debate between religious faith and science is subject to extensive media coverage and social outcry, which has extended to the increasing use of PGD. This procedure involves the creation of embryos through the IVF method, with the unaffected embryos transferrable to uterus’ or frozen for the future (Doolin and Motion, 2010). However, the affected embryos, which have been diagnosed with a