Biological Factors Dyslexia

The cause of dyslexia is not completely known. One of the most widely recognized theories is that dyslexia is a genetically based neurological problem. It has also been argued that dyslexia could be caused during early fetal development. Some researchers have suggested that problems with dyslexia may be caused by defects in the inner ear that cause problems with word and sound decoding. Researchers continue to look for the cause of dyslexia, a possible cure, and ways to cope with the disorder (Wood Grigorenko 503-11).

Dyslexia is a neurological condition that affects ≈15% of the world's population (Ramus et. al, 2013). It is defined as a difficulty in learning to read or interpret words, letters, and other symbols (Pauc, 2015). This disability is associated with struggles in reading-related tasks such as word identification and spelling in spite of normal intelligence, adequate education and motivation to read proficiently (Ma et.al, 2014). People with dyslexia possess difficulties in taking notes, writing essays, finishing letters or reports, and showing their level of understanding in exams. The right hemisphere is impaired in a dyslexic's brain, which is responsible for speech and reading, and because of this, they have to rely on the left

Credibility: Ever since I could remember, my younger sister has sruggled with her reading and writing abilities. My mom would make her read out loud every night, but even through practice it was still very difficult for her. By the time she reached first grade, the school SLP said that she was dyslexic IV. Thesis: Dyslexia is a condition that affects people world wide, but through the proper treatment and help it can have less of a negative affect on a person Body I. Main Point: The specific cause of dyslexia is still not 100% clear. A.) Anatomical and brain imagery studies show that there are some differences in the way a person with dyslexia’s brain develops and functions, than a person without dyslexia.

Convergent evidence from longitudinal studies on dyslexia supports this causal hypothesis. Scarborough (1990) identified PA and LK as candidate causal factors by reporting weakness in these two factors in pre-readers who later became dyslexic. However, dyslexic children in the study were less intelligent than normal readers, which cast doubt on the findings. Results from Scarborough’s study are further supported by carefully conducted studies. For example, Snowling, Gallagher, and Frith (2003) followed FR children and control children from the age of 3 years, 9 months to 8 years, and found that language and letter knowledge assessed at Phase 1 predicted phonological awareness and grapheme-phoneme skill at Phase 2 (6 years), which then predicted word-level reading skills at Phase 3 (8 years).

Developmental dyslexia (referred as dyslexia hereafter) is a specific learning disability characterized by impairments in acquiring accurate and fluent word reading despite normal intelligence and adequate schooling (Hulme & Snowling, 2009). As one of the most common learning disorders, dyslexia affects approximately 3-7% of the English-speaking population (Rutter et al., 2004), and impairments continue into adulthood. In order to design effective interventions for improving the quality of dyslexics’ life, it is important to determine cognitive factors that contribute to impaired reading ability.

One of my primary focuses was to find out how different literatures dealt with Dyslexia and how best to support the child. Dyslexia can be described from a number of different perspectives as we see in Ball et al (2007) who explain that it can be “how one learns (Cognition), what parts of the brain are involved (neurology), what genes are involved (genetics) and behaviour (p14). Their book entitled ‘Dyslexia: An Irish perspective’ is very relevant to my research as it gives a great insight into the history of the special education sector in Ireland. It also looks into some of the key debates that are facing the educational sector today.

Dr. Rudolf first introduced the term “dyslexia” in 1887, when he suggested that difficulty with reading may be caused by “cerebral disease instead of brain injury” (Hennigh 1995).

The intervention works because it locates dyslexia appropriately as a functional variation in the brain which naturally show all sorts of variations from one person to another. Neurodiversity emphasizes this spectrum of brain function in all humans and suggest that to better understand the perspectives of those around us, we should try not only see the world through their eyes but understand it through their brains.

Dyslexia is a lifelong struggle with constant challenges with reading and speaking. About five to ten percent of the United States population deals with the learning disorder dyslexia (Van den Honert, n.d.). It is a neurological condition that is mainly caused by genetics but there are some rare cases in which it is acquired. Dyslexia interrupts the normal processes of reading and speaking (Van den Honert, n.d.). All of which are used in daily life and this makes life and school so much harder for dyslexics. They must learn to live with the condition for their entire life and there is not really a treatment for it. With the constant struggle and reminder of their

Developmental Dyslexia is characterized by comparatively low reading abilities in regards to age, education and intelligence. Reading is a multifaceted mechanism, including phonological awareness in order to sound out different words, and also orthographic abilities to map the sounds to their visual forms. Any type of impairment to one of these facets can have a huge impacts on the other systems that are incorporated. Because of this, the many different theories in regards to dyslexia don’t often contradict each other, they just explain what happens in the different systems and facets that are incorporated in the complex cognitive process of reading. One of these theories is on the topic of the magnocellular system. This system is responsible

Genetic causes of dyslexia - a team at the Yale School of Medicine found that defects in a gene, known as DCDC2, were associated with problems in reading performance.

The National Centre for Learning Disabilities says that dyslexia is a neurological and often genetic condition, and not the result of poor teaching, instruction or upbringing. Dyslexia is a specific reading disability due to a defect in the brain's processing of graphic symbols according to the MNT Knowledge Centre. It is a learning disability that alters the way the brain processes written material. It is typically characterized by difficulties in word recognition, spelling and decoding. People with dyslexia have problems with reading comprehension.

There is often a child in a class that cannot read, spell, speak, or do math as well as they should for their age level. He or she grows up thinking they are stupid, or are going to be unsuccessful in life because they are not “smart” like their classmates. He or she is not stupid, they are usually incredibly smart, and are possibly just dealing with dyslexia. Dyslexia is a type of learning difference that can affect a person’s ability to read, write, speak, and do math. Dyslexia is very common, with one out of every five U.S. school children suffering from dyslexia. Dyslexic children often discover that their parents or a close relative also have some form of learning disability, supporting the idea that dyslexia is hereditary. Dyslexia is

Today, there is a momentum towards researching the possible hereditary influences of developmental dyslexia. As recently as 2013, The Oxford Dictionary of Social Work and Social Care considers that there is an “inherited component” to dyslexia. (Harris & White, 2013, p. 179) Today’s social work perspective is more flexible with the term itself, as it is considered by to incorporate a range of difficulties with lexical information-processing. However, The Oxford Dictionary does not provide a context for these “difficulties” as they are experienced by the language-learner, and therefore seems to support (perhaps unwittingly) the notion that there is a so-called “normal” way for a person to learn language. Blachman (2013) advances a more orthographical conceptualization of dyslexia, whereby the dyslexic language learner defies common literacy principles in favor of their own. These tend to be more visually-oriented, so that a picture or a feeling is associated with an entire word, as opposed to the sound-to-syllable associations learners are “supposed” to

Of the three previously mentioned diseases, Dyslexia impairs a person’s ability to read, write, and spell (NINDS 2003). Although they are of normal intelligence, their reading level is below average. They will usually have “trouble with phonological processing (the manipulation of sounds) and/or rapid visual-verbal responding.” (NINDS 2003). Children with dyslexia complain they cannot read their textbooks, do not have enough time to finish tests, cannot take notes, and are unable to read their own handwriting (GVSU 2000). Dyslexia does not affect every person the same way, and signs of the disorder may not be prevalent until later, when grammar and more in-depth writing skills are introduced. Dyslexia can also create a difficulty in processing vocabulary and thoughts correctly when speaking, and understanding what one says when they are spoken to. Dysgraphia is another neurological disorder that focuses on writing. When a child with this disorder is first introduced to writing, they will make unnecessary spaces between their letters, and some letters will be