Biological Makeup Of Emotion Essay

Emotions are used in everyday life, whether it be just a simple smile that makes happiness disperse in your brain, or a death of a loved one that causes sadness. The basic emotions are joy, interest, surprise, sadness, anger, disgust, contempt, fear, shame, and guilt. The way we see emotion in ourselves and others can be very complex because we sometimes assume they feel a certain way just based on their actions or even facial expressions. When emotion is discussed in psychological terms, it is not based on one thing, instead it’s a mix of bodily arousal, expressive behaviors, conscious experience. Many theories try to explain how emotion works.

Serotonin, (or 5-hydroxytryptamine) is a neurotransmitter released by neurones in the brain. It is a chemical responsible for good mood and well-being. Therefore one of the possible causes of depression is a chemical imbalance of Serotonin levels in the brain and consequently, ineffective neuronal transmission at the synaptic cleft. (Lovatt, 2010) This has negative implications on mood, sleep and appetite.

Main Idea: Our environment affect our emotions. Your emotions can be judged based on how your body reacts and how you respond in the situation. MSD: A woman confronts a bear. She is scared because her heart rate increases, adrenaline flows, and she runs away.

The belief is that antidepressants work by increasing levels of a group of chemicals in the brain called neurotransmitters. Certain neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and noradrenaline, can improve mood and emotion, although we do not yet fully understand this process

The aim of antidepressants is to increase the levels of the neurotransmitter which are chemicals, they are produced in the brain. The antidepressants targets and increases the levels of three types of neurotransmitters; (A neurotransmitter is a chemical which is released in the brain which allows the messages to travel.) serotonin (this neurotransmitter regulates the other neurotransmitter) and noradrenaline (noradrenaline is compulsory for energy, anxiety, alertness and attention to life) and dopamine (this

Major depressive disorder is one of the most common mental disorders, with a 12-month prevalence of 6.7% of adults in the United States (NIMH). There is no definite etiology of depression, but several risk factors have been identified. Functional and structural changes in the brain have also been explored. The most common treatment for depression is the use of drugs that act on monoamine transmitters, including norepinephrine, dopamine, and serotonin. Decreases in these transmitters, especially serotonin, were hypothesized to play an important role in the cause of depression (Breedlove & Watson, 2013). The serotonin hypothesis led to the development of selective-serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs), which increase the amount of serotonin in the brain. Further research suggests that the serotonin hypothesis is not entirely accurate and the neurobiology of depression is much more complex. The “chemical imbalance” explanation of depression may not reflect the full range of causes and may be given greater credibility by patients and doctors than is supported by evidence based research.

Emotions are feelings (Alder 140). Emotions involve a variety of components. These components include physiological factors, nonverbal reactions, cognitive interpretations, and verbal expressions. Physiological factors influence a person when they experience strong emotions (Alder 141). For example, if you experience fear, your heart rate will begin to increase, stimulating the parasympathetic nervous system. This results in your blood pressure to increase and an abundant amount of adrenaline to be released. To Saman, emotions are an assortment of different

(3) While successful drug therapies which act on neurotransmitters in the brain imply that depression is a neurobiological condition (4), the fact that such medications do not help about 20 percent of depression-sufferers seems to show that not all depression is due to such imbalances. Rather, depression is not caused by one single factor; it is most often caused by many different things. Genetics, biochemical factors, medicines and alcohol, developmental and other external factors, and relationships, marriage and children all have effect on the development of clinical depression. (5) The strongest hypotheses on the pathways to depression are in decreases in the activity of specific neurotransmitters, or the overactivity of certain hormonal systems. (3)

The role of serotonin on the mood of depressed patients is not fully understood. Studies show that a shortage of serotonin affects an area of brain that predominates emotions: the amygdala. (2) This almond-shaped brain region connects emotions to our sensory perceptions and appears particularly important in the formation of negative emotions. A lack of serotonin makes the amygdala more susceptible to sensory stimuli. In an experiment where they temporarily lowered serotonin levels in the brain in healthy subjects, they recorded a stronger reaction of the amygdala. (3) Foreign studies confirm this role of amygdala during depression.

Identify the neurotransmitters that play a role in the different symptoms of depression. First, what is etiology? Etiology is a cause of the source of a disorder. Take depression, for instance, as we have discussed in class, depression is not primarily a physical disorder, although it is often described as a 'disease'. Not saying that depression is actually a disease like some disorders, but, instead it is a natural response to certain types of emotional introspection that result in excessive dreaming. However, neurotransmitters and brain-wave activity plays an important role in depression. In order for one to become depressed or experience depression, they must develop unbalance chemical transmitters throughout the brain causing chemical to become unbalanced. The main neurotransmitters that greatly influence our energy, mood, and desire consist of three brain waves. The three main neurotransmitters that occur in the brain rely through serotonin, dopamine, and norepinephrine. Although they have different functions in the brain, the symptoms of neurotransmitter imbalance can mimic each

In everyday life there is a constant evidence of interaction between cognition and emotion. If we see something funny we laugh, if we fear we run or hide, if we are distressed we find it hard to concentrate. However we do not need to present any of the emotions to others, we can regulate them, think about situations and consequences and estimate the outcome. We are able to control our emotions. Ochsner and Gross(2005,p.242) argues that capacity to control emotion is important for human adaptation. The question is to what extent does cognition control emotion?

As Darwin theorized, researchers have learned that emotions serve a biological purpose. They signal to us when there is something wrong or when our needs are not getting met. When we need something that we are not getting or that we’re not getting regularly, we will feel a negative emotion. This could be anger, fear, disappointment, depression, or any other negative emotion. Emotions serve a biological purpose – they tell us when our needs are not being met.

Chapter 1 explains the work of a Harvard psychologist named William James. William published the article “What is an Emotion?” in a philosophical journal entitled Mind in 1884. His paper is an argument for the primacy and necessity of bodily systems in producing emotional feelings. James-Lange theory states that physiological arousal instigates the experience of emotion. A Harvard physiologist, Walter Cannon, roundly criticized James’ theory, claiming that, according to the Cannon Bard theory, physiological changes follow emotional expression.

For many people, they live their lives based on emotions. Emotions of happiness, love, success, and many more, could possibly be the most satisfying feelings. Except we commonly experience unpleasant emotions. There are emotions of anger, hatred, sadness, and disgrace. A very important question in the understanding of the human mind and highly related to cognitive science, is how do these emotions affect human cognition and the impact on our abilities to be rational? To tackle this question, we need to understand what emotions are, but not solely in the manner we are all familiar with, we need to understand them from a cognitive nature involving our physiology, psychology, and environment. Cognition, according to the Oxford definition

When talking about emotion it seems a fairly simple topic and immediately "feeling" words come to mind; sad, happy, and confused. These are basic emotions and easy to understand. What isn't so simple about emotions is their process and how they form and work. Emotions are reactions to sensory information like sight, smell, taste, touch and sound (Tracing Emotion’s Pathways 94). However, it is not that simple; an emotional reaction or response is made aware of and understood by a part of the brain called the sensory cortex. These emotional responses or reactions to sensory stimuli are processed by a part of the brain called the amygdala (What’s An Emotion). The amygdala is a huge asset to the cognitive factors of emotions because in processing emotions you become able to understand, recognize, and control them. So then how do emotions evoke a physiological reaction such as tearing up when one feels sad, laughing with joy, and trembling with fear? These physiological reactions that one may experience come from the autonomic nervous system. The autonomic nervous system is, “a collection of fibers that extend throughout