Biological Molecules Like Nucleic Acids And Polysachharides

 By restriction enzymes then amplified by polymerase chain reaction to make many to millions of copies of a single fragment.

The vital components and techniques of gene cloning are as follows, the DNA sequence that contains the desired gene (EZH2) is amplified by Polymerase chain reaction. PCR was established by Kary Mullis in 1985, popularly known to amplify target sequences of DNA (EZH2) to a billion fold in several hours using thermophilic polymerases (Taq) ,primers and other cofactors (Sambrook and Russell, 2001). Three crucial steps are involved which are Denaturation (at 95°), Annealing of the forward and reverse primers (55-65°) and lastly primer extension (at 72°). After amplification the desired sequence is integrated into the circular vector (pbluescript) forming the recombinant molecule. For the compatibility of the insert and vector, both were digested with (EcoR1) so the same cohesive ends are generated in both, making it easier to ligate. EcoR1 is a restriction enzyme that belongs to the type II endonuclease class which cuts within dsDNA at its recognition site “GAATTC” (Clark 2010; Sambrook and Russell, 2001).

The basic building blocks of proteins are amino acids, the biuret reaction tests for protein. A solution of sodium hydroxide is added to a sample then a few drops of copper sulphate solution, if positive – the solution will turn mauve. There are 20 different amino acids and they can be joined in any order. Therefore there can be many different functions. A protein consists of one or more polypeptide chains (a polypeptide chain being multiple amino acids joined together via condensation, producing a peptide bond). Different proteins have different shapes as the shapes are determined by the sequence of amino acids.

It is of great interest to see how far the scientific community has come across with identifying the genes and functions of each encoding protein. The science brought different interventions, as each gene has the possibility of interaction and the whole cellular environment has a type of role to engage in the complex day to day regulation of our eukaryotic cells.

To begin with, the process of artificial cloning is derived form one of three methods, gene cloning, reproductive cloning or therapeutic cloning. Gene cloning is the process of copying a specific gene or segment of DNA to the transfer over and create a clone form. (Human) On the other hand reproductive cloning is used to produce full animal clones. Finally, therapeutic cloning is a technique scientist have created with the purpose

Results: Enzyme digestion analysis, PCR and DNA sequencing results showed the target gene was inserted correctly into the vector. The expressed protein was purified successfully via Ni-NTA affinity chromatography and its molecular weight

[2] However, clones are organisms that are genetically identical; cloning is the process used to create an exact genetic replica of another organism. There are three different ways to clone an organism in a lab: gene cloning, reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. [3] Gene cloning is used to create multiple copies of a gene by choosing the piece of DNA that is needed or tested and then cut using the restricted enzymes. After that scientists’ attach the targeted gene to the DNA (aka Plasmid). The vector is then put into a host cell, often an E. Coli or yeast. The host cell then creates multiple copies of the inserted DNA. When the cells have reached a desired number, it breaks apart the cell and collects only the plasmids containing genes and places them in a desired cell, whether human or animal. [4] The second type of

The sequence of amino acids determines each protein's unique 3-dimensional structure and its specific function. Antibodies bind to specific foreign particles, such as viruses and bacteria, to help protect the body. Enzymes carry out almost all of the thousands of chemical reactions that take place in cells. Proteins do most of the work in cells and are required for the structure of the cell, the function of the cell, and the regulation of the body’s tissues and organs in the cell. They are made of groups called amino acids.Proteins have a large variety of different shapes and sizes. If the shape changes, it becomes a new protein. Protein is found in your muscles and the cell

One the location of the gene is determined, the gene is then cloned (design primers and PCR the gene, insert gene into a vector). Cloning of the gene will allow for future experiments in which the gene can be manipulated in vitro or in

This process is transformed by including bacteria, protozoa, and yeast. This creates it to produce genetically identical offsprings going through a asexual reproduction. These offsprings only develop from only one parent and are made as a clone. It’s also called gene cloning and it produces copies of genes or segments of DNA. In which this case many scientist use this cloning procedure. They produce many examples of cloning in biological research labs. Examples they use are that they can isolate individual cancer cells and enable them to reproduce to form a cell colonies. These colonies consist of many clones of the original cancer cell. Scientist also develop clones of the chemical substance DNA. DNA mostly occurs in every little thing cell and often contains thousands of genes. The reason why

Proteins are the primary functionary macromolecules of any cell due to their vast variety in function, which is a result of their amount of varying forms, and they are polymers composed of amino acids. These functions include transportation, structural support, motility, gene regulation, signal carrying and receiving, storage, and catalyzing reactions; these functions are determined by the form of the protein. It follows then that the many functions of proteins come from their multitude of forms and their multiple levels of structure which are as follows: primary, secondary, tertiary, and quaternary. The primary structure is most basic chain or sequence of amino acids that accumulate into the alpha helices and beta sheets which compose the secondary structure of a protein. The tertiary structure is a complete and three-dimensional polypeptide chain containing the secondary structures, folds, coils, loops, and such that form a globular form. Quaternary structure is a single protein formed by multiple polypeptide chains or multiple tertiary structures.

Proteins themselves are made of long chains consisting of a possible 20 different amino acids that are linked together by peptide bonds made up by the hundreds or thousands for each different protein. These different combinations of chains determine the specific protein’s function and 3-D structure. A large percentage of work that is put into every cell is the result of proteins, as well as many crucial factors of the body, such as functioning organs. Proteins are not sectioned to perform any certain one function, but instead are responsible in varying areas all throughout the body. Enzymes, antibodies, cell structure, along with a multitude of other tasks, are the product of the many types of proteins working in synergy. Proteins have 4

     The process of Protein Synthesis involves many parts of the cell. Unlike other similar productions, this process is very complex and precise and therefore must be done in proper sequence to work effectively. The slightest error during this process could cause the action to experience difficulty or even fail. For example, in the production of starch, glucose molecules are combined to be stored and eventually utilized as usable chemical energy. The cell can break down the starch with little difficulty as if each molecule was identical, even though there is a wide variety of molecules. This is a different case in Protein Synthesis. In Protein Synthesis, there are

1. Only cDNA cloning is covered in this video. What other methods are there for

The techniques under this branch of protein engineering is random mutagenesis is applied to the genes of the protein desired to be changed, Then selectively removing various where is that have desired quality of producing new and improved proteins