Essay on Biological Warfare

Pathogens are everywhere. They are in people, animals, and the environment. Pathogens come in a wide variety. The types are fungal, bacterial, viral, and other parasites. All pathogens can be dangerous, but two of them are more dangerous. These two types that more dangerous are fungal and bacterial. While both fungal and bacterial pathogens cause illness, they differ in the way they are transmitted, the way they are treated, and the diseases they cause.

Ironically, the term "anti" derives from the Greek word "against " and "bios" means "life," against life? To clarify, antibiotics are life savers and have saved millions of lives. Information in a recent report from the World Health Organization (WHO), states resistance to antibiotics poses a "major global threat" to public health . The purpose of an antibiotic is to eliminate as many harmful bacteria as possible and they do that job effectively. Bacteria that survive remain more repellent to the same antibiotic the next time they face their enemy. A bold statement from Dr Jennifer Cohn, Medecins sans Frontiers sums it up , " What we urgently need is a solid global plan of action which provides for the rational use of

Well-known professor of American history, William Appleman Williams, crafts The Tragedy of American Diplomacy to illustrate that there is more to history than what meets the eye – more than what most Americans have been taught. He argues that there is a tragic past when the history of American diplomacy is analyzed. Throughout crucial periods of time in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries, Williams explores and analyzes instances in which American diplomacy was challenged, policy was deficient, actions were hypocritical and the structure of the system proven inconsistent.

“Canada, France, Germany, Japan, Soviet Union and the United Kingdom were among many countries that investigated how to wage biological war.” (pg. 38) Some of these countries have biological weapons programs and even some biological weapons have been used in the past. A Russian program “known to the Soviets as “the Concern Bioreparat”, supposedly a series of laboratories and plants that manufactured vaccines and other medicinal products, was in fact a vast network of secret cities, production plants of Moscow’s germ effort. Bioreparat studied and perfected germs as weapons. President Richard Nixon’s administration became the “world’s leading advocate for a treaty banning germ warfare. Biological and Toxin Weapons Convention- prohibited the possession of deadly biological agents except for research…for vaccines, detection and protective gear. It was the world’s first treaty to ban an entire class of weapons.” (pg. 63) April 1979, an explosion at a secret military base near Soviet city of Sverdlovsk, sent a cloud of Bacillus anthracis fanning over a nearby village, leaving thousands dead. Although the Soviets, had signed the treaty, they denied allegations that this was “nothing more nefarious than tainted meat.” (pg. 77) During the Gulf War, for example, biological weapons developed by Iraq posed a threat and they might, if fact still pose a threat. While US went in search of nuclear

“Bioterrorism remains a major threat for the United States despite more than $65 billion spent on protecting the country from myriad dangers, the Bipartisan WMD Terrorism Research Center said in its latest report Wednesday. The center's Bio-Response Report Card evaluated U.S. preparedness for countering threats from bioterrorism and found the country remains vulnerable to multiple threats and "largely unprepared for a large-scale bioterrorist attack."”(UPI.com, 2011). There have been over a dozen leading U.S. bio-defense experts that have taken part in figuring out where we are exactly as a county and what the effects of a terroristic attack

It’s late in the evening and a young boy hears his mother and father arguing. “Yes, he needs it”. “No, I don’t want him to have it”. What he doesn’t know is that his parents received a letter from his school stating that there has been a recent outbreak of influenza, or the flu. The boys parents are debating about whether or not they should get the flu shot for their young son, in an effort to prevent the flu. In the end, the mother wins the argument and the parents decide that their son should get the shot. A $30 dollar investment could ease the severity of the flu, and strengthen their son’s immune system as well. Debating whether or not to vaccinate children is a common topic between parents in the US. Vaccines are safe and effective,

This Points of View article was written by Eric Badertscher and Rosalyn Carson-Dewitt, a medical doctor and scientific writer, and published in 2016 for Points of View: Smallpox Vaccinations, a section of the Points of View Reference Center. The purpose of this text is to convince the audience consisting of U.S. parents and health legislators that smallpox vaccines should be mandatory due to the threat of biological warfare, but that exceptions should be made for certain groups. Carson-DeWitt is credible because she is a medical doctor and has much experience with medical writing; she was editor-in-chief for two publications. This article was published in 2016 making its argument more relevant to modern-day issues such as bioterrorism and need for vaccines. Also, the accessibility of the publication venue allows for anyone to understand the need for vaccines; readers do not need much prior knowledge because the article itself contains a small background on the issue.

With large numbers into thousands about people getting vaccinated, these debts are critical to our nation as a whole. Are people not being informed enough about what they are? Is the history of vaccinations better than the present? Do the advantages outweigh the disadvantages? How do these debts affect the future of tomorrow and its outlook on vaccinations? The future of vaccinations lies within us and remains

Welcome to week 4! This week we are discussing what consequences face the Nation if our chosen threat isn’t adequately addressed and whether we believe that it is being addressed adequately now. Of the six security challenges that are mentioned in the 2014 Quadrennial Homeland Security Review, I have chosen to discuss biological threats. Biological terrorism is a scary prospect that should be a growing concern for the country. The reason for this is the ease at which a bio attack can be put into action. Depending on the level of intricacy of the attack, the effects could be isolated to one area or become a pandemic that spreads across the United States. Bioterrorism comes in many forms but as a general explanation biological

Vaccinations come with many benefits, including saving lives, preventing suffering, and improving overall wellness. But, vaccines do more than this, they save money. By preventing disease, there is no need for expensive treatment. It costs public health departments $10,000 per day to contain a disease (Naprawa). Containing a disease is high in price, as it requires additional vaccinations, incubation, and treatment. Those who claim they are unable to afford vaccines are actually being supported. The government aids in the costs of the vaccine. The costs of an outbreak are so extensive that the government would like to avoid them at all costs; Vaccines save $1.38 trillion (Naprawa). Vaccines are the solution to decrease debt.

Vaccination is recognized as a substantial preventive measure that improves health and allows individuals to contribute to economic growth by better physical, cognitive, and educational performance”(Ricciardi, Walter, and Mondher Toumi.). With that comment was displayed in the previous sentence, proves that it has a lot more the economic standpoint when it comes to vaccinations. It play a big part on how the vaccinations are important to the children entering school as an economic standpoint. In an article on Pennlive by Laura Vescsey, it states that “The Obama administration also plans to make $7 million in vaccines and grants available to Pennsylvania to ensure more under-served Americans receive the vaccines they need. A separate vaccine program by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention in Philadelphia will also receive an additional $966,663” (Vecsey).The Obama administration knows the importance of the vaccines and it want to make a change so that every child is not left

Project Bioshield will protect the citizens of the United States of America safe from biological threats and warfare. Biological warfare is an act of war by using infectious toxins to wipe out or immobilize humans and animals. An example some these infectious toxins include viruses, diseases, fungi, and bacteria. “Project Bioshield is an attempt to create useful medicines to protect the people of the United States of America from biological and nuclear weapons.” (Progress in the War on Terror)

The United States, it seems, serves as the unofficial international police. We attempt to impose our views on the world and then correct anyone that strays from our “status quo”. Through our diplomatic actions, America tries to preserve our national beliefs in exchange for the deterioration of another country’s. We were formed by the “global forces” who were attempting to create a global empire, but once we became our own nation, we became one of those forces (197).

There are many repercussions to not having a biological weapon. If we cannot reinstate chemical warfare, we will continue to lose many soldiers’ lives. Having chemical weapons is like when we came out with the UCAV. The UCAV stands for unmanned combat aerial vehicle. The UCAV got rid of the loss of lives in the air. It made bombing targets easier. With chemical weapons, we could eliminate thousands of war related deaths. If

Anthrax (Bacillus anthracis) is an acute infectious disease caused by the spore-forming bacterium. The most common victims of anthrax are warm-blooded animals, but it can also infect humans. Anthrax spores can be produced in a powdery form for biological warfare. When inhaled by humans, these particles cause respiratory failure and death within a week. Because anthrax is considered to be a potential agent for use in biological warfare, the Department of Defense (DOD), in 1998, announced it would begin a systematic vaccination of all U.S. military personnel. (DOD, 1998) Anthrax infection occurs in three forms: cutaneous (skin), inhalation, and gastrointestinal. B. anthracis spores can survive in the soil for many years and handling animal