Biology: Biome and DNA Identification Process

From cases such as OJ Simpson to Chandra Levy, DNA profiling also called DNA fingerprinting or DNA typing has played a major role in the criminal justice system. The law enforcement community uses DNA profiling to rule out or identify suspects. Unlike hair microscopy, bite mark comparisons, shoe print comparisons, and firearm tool mark analysis, DNA typing has been developed through massive scientific research and has undergone meticulous scientific evaluation (Innocence Project). DNA is a foolproof method of identifying a perpetrator of a crime.

Due to the uniqueness of DNA it has become a powerful tool in criminal investigations

Deoxyribonucleic acid profiling also commonly known as DNA is a biotechnological science, a forensic technique used to identify individuals by using their genetic sequencing, although most people have the same DNA they have different regions within their sequencing that makes them individual. Profiling is not only used for fingerprinting it is used to analyse saliva, skin tissue, blood, hair and semen. The procedure of DNA profiling is used to identify criminals, disaster victims and one’s pedigrees through paternity tests.

DNA is the genetic blueprint for life because it contains the instructions that oversee the development of an organism. Taking samples of DNA and analyzing them to determine if they come from the same individual is known as DNA profiling. Investigators gather items such as hair, saliva, semen and blood that could contain DNA from a crime scene. DNA profiling is also used in paternity testing, victim identification and evolution research. First, the collected DNA samples are isolated. Next, selected sequences from each DNA sample are replicated to produce a large sample of DNA fragments. Finally, the enlarged DNA samples are compared to other samples to determine whether the samples came from the same person or

One of the foundations in the field of forensics is the examination of DNA. DNA is the digenetic element which exists in each and every cell. Every human being has an exclusive analysis of DNA. In fact, there are even a small amount of variations among the deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) of identical twins. DNA profiling was established in the 1980's by Sir Alec Jeffreys, a scientist from Britain. Investigators can obtain DNA for profiling from various evidence from a crime scene. DNA can be obtained from vital fluid, semen, epidermis, saliva, mucus, sweat and roots of hair. Additionally, profiling can be performed on old, as well as dried out specimens.

Eukaryotes consist of cells that the genetic material is DNA in the form of chromosomes is contained within a distinct nucleus. Additionally, besides the eubacteria and archaea, Eukaryotes include all living organisms, which are not the case with prokaryotes that are microscopic single-celled organisms. Prokaryotes do not have a distinct nucleus with a membrane nor other specialized organelles, including the bacteria and cyanobacteria. So a fundamental difference here is that prokaryotes cells do not have organelles, nucleus, but a small amount of DNA in the form of a single, circular chromosome while eukaryotes cells have multiple organelles, a nucleus, as well as sufficient DNA that is organized in multiple, linear chromosomes (Bruck, 2017; OpenStax College, & Rice University, 2013). Another apparent difference in DNA replication between eukaryotes and prokaryotes is that while DNA replication process in eukaryotes takes place inside the nucleus, the DNA replication process in prokaryotes occurs inside the cytoplasm.

It is the observation of a specific sequence of base pairs that allows us to identify a single individual from the residual DNA. The DNA database enables us to compare traces of DNA from the crime scene to individuals who already have a criminal record and whose genetic data are stored in the database. The technique does not allow the identification of individuals not on the database, but it can be used to find serial perpetrators and to exclude the innocent (Morris, 2013).

DNA forensics is a division of forensic science that focuses on the use of genetic material in criminal investigation to answer questions pertaining to legal situations, including criminal and civil cases. Through DNA testing, law enforcement officers are able to identify human remains or the individual responsible for a crime. DNA testing is a highly advanced scientific process that involves replicating the human DNA sequence to create a genetic map of an individual. Because of its reliability, DNA testing has become a significant factor in criminal cases. However, it has also been identified as having the potential to violate privacy and constitutional rights. The DNA identification process consists of five stages. These five stages include isolation, quantification, polymerase chain reaction, short tandem polymerase chain reaction, and interpretation. Isolation refers to the extraction of DNA from the nucleus of tissue cells. After extraction, scientists quantify the DNA sample by ensuring that it is at least one billionth of a gram in size. If the sample is smaller the isolation process must be repeated. Next, through polymerase chain reaction, the single strand of DNA is split down the middle into two pieces and replicated to create a larger sample. Next, through short tandem polymerase chain reaction, smaller sections of the DNA sequence are replicated. This allows scientists to interpret the DNA and create a genetic profile of the individual from whom the original DNA

Genetic Identification is part of an application in which genetic production and engineering is used currently worldwide. The field of genetic science has exceeded beyond the ordinary including sequence mapping of human DNA. With this, hereditary qualities are particularly keen to Forensic Genetics. This branch of Forensic Science can be characterized and defined as the use of genetics to human and non-human material for the purpose of legal encounters. Forensic genetics is likewise a branch of measurable solution which deals with the more extensively use of medicinal learning to lawful matters. Forensic genetics today has a tendency to evoke DNA. Nonetheless, even the term "DNA fingerprinting" is reminiscent of more established techniques for police recognizable proof.

We must be striving to keep protecting animals from harm through National Parks and Wildlife Sanctuaries. When we are able to do this successfully then we are able to have biodiversity. Biodiversity is, according to Merriam Webster, the variety of life in the world or in a particular habitat or ecosystem. When a ecosystem, for example National Park is an example, is flourishing it is because of biodiversity; it is truly a beautiful sight. When we are able to create a well working environment it all thanks to diversity. When you walk into a National Park and you are able to see the beautiful flowers

Within planet earth today Biodiversity forms the foundation for the vast array of ecosystem services that critically contribute to human well being. It is as important in human managed ecosystems as well as natural ecosystems (Hambler, C.,

Biodiversity is the variety of life within different plant and animal species. Species, genetic, and ecological diversity are the three different types that make up biodiversity. According to the Australian Museum, “species diversity is the variety of species within a certain habitat or region”, “genetic diversity is the variety of genes within a species”, and “ecosystem diversity is the variety of ecosystems in a given place” (“What is Biodiversity?”, 2015). All three types are vital to human life as they have many different benefits towards our well-being. Unfortunately, biodiversity is depleting due to the increasing harmful human activity from rapid population growth. This is causing the extinction of many other living things and when

Franck and Brownstone define biological diversity as 'the variety and variability of living organisms and the biological communities in which they live' (36). Decades of progress in both the scientific and political arenas have advanced environmental legislation to protect biodiversity at not only the ecosystem level, but for specific species and genetic material as well. Research has shown the importance of every organism and their role in the global ecosystem, and legislation has gradually matured to protect not only species which may become endangered, but the habitats they need to survive as well. Growing consciousness surrounding environmental issues has enabled these protections to be

Diversity is the essence of the word unique. Diversity allows humans to acquire knowledge from fresh experiences, broadening the tendency to be narrow-minded. Diversity makes its prominent presence known in the work place, social groups/communities, and, of course, our home, Penn State. Finally, diversity brings innovation, allowing the world to progress in various aspects; however, without the division of paramount of diversity, referred to as biological diversity, life as the world knows it would cease to exist. Biodiversity is often times concealed to the naked eye. While there is an assortment of diverse organisms on the macroscopic level, biodiversity truly shines at a microscopic state. The diverse biological environment that homo sapiens thrive in can be attributed to the “little guys” or microorganisms, who have benefited humans in the past, present, and, will, in the future. Biodiversity is an essential facet to life on earth, benefitting not only myself, but all humans; therefore, it should be measured and protected from threats, for without it life would, simply, not exist.

DNA fingerprinting is a scientific technology involving the extraction, replication and arrangement of strands of an organism’s DNA. This results in the formation of a genetically distinctive fingerprint that is unique to the organism which the DNA sample was originally extracted from. Because of the specificity of a DNA fingerprint, the application of this technology can have a substantial influence on many aspects of society. Accessibility to a DNA database allows for higher efficiency in forensic investigations, personal identification, maternal and paternal testing. The availability of a national database to police officers and forensic scientists would equate to increased productivity in investigations and prosecution of suspects in a