Biology: Genetics and Pod Color Essay examples

The “Brassica rapa” is a fast plant known as the field mustard. This plant is well known for its rapid growing rate, which makes it an easy breeding cycle and easy to pollinate. In giving so this makes “Brassica rapa” a great participant for testing Gregor Mendel’s theories of inheritance. The “Brassica rapa” acts like a test subject in testing cross-pollination giving the understanding to the dominant allele of colored stems. There are different colors that are visible on the stem that are above the soil; the colors vary from green to purple. P1 seed was ordered, germinated and cross-pollinated until germination of the next off spring of plants were also done. It was

Round seeds (R) are dominant to wrinkled seeds (r), and yellow seeds (Y) are dominant

Gregor Mendel theorized that certain combinations of alleles in a genotype would result in a specific ratio of phenotypes expressed in each generation. For example, in the case of the dominant heterozygous anthocyanin genotype, the P1 with (ANL/anl) crossed with the P2 (ANL/anl) would result in a 1:2:1 ratio for genotypes (ANL/ANL), (ANL/anl) and (anl/anl). However,

The variables in this lab were different than the average science experiment. Instead of affecting the experiment to prompt different results, we just had F1 generation plants produce offspring so that we could study their specific traits. By looking at the variables, we can determine if they fit the Mendelian ratio and see if genes are linked on a chromosome.

34. A pea plant heterozygous for height and seed color (TtYy) is crossed with a pea plant heterozygous for height

Mendel’s law of independent assortment deals with dihybrid crosses meaning that independent assortment dealt with the crosses in Group 2 (ap+/ap; se+/se x ap+/ap; se+/se) and Group 4 (vg+/vg; se+/se x vg+/vg; se+/se). This is also the law of independent assortment as the cross deals with the production of haploid cells to the offspring (Gen.: Analysis & Principles, p28). Independent assortment is observed in these two crosses as there are to different traits within the

The major topic of this experiment was to examine two different crosses between Drosophila fruit flies and to determine how many flies of each phenotype were produced. Phenotype refers to an individual’s appearance, where as genotype refers to an individual’s genes. The basic law of genetics that was examined in this lab was formulated by a man often times called the “father of genetics,” Gregor Mendel. He determined that individuals have two alternate forms of a gene, referred to as two alleles. An individual can me homozygous dominant (two dominant alleles, AA), homozygous recessive, (two recessive alleles, aa), or heterozygous (one dominant and one recessive

In this lab the plant being used was the common garden pea (Pisum sativum), the first thing done was to scan the phenotypes of each parental and first generation offspring; which was homozygous dominant ( P1), homozygous recessive (P2) for parental types, and heterozygous (F1) for first generation offspring. Next step is to indicate the F2 sample by using a “+” for dominant and “-” for recessive phenotype. This was done by making a chi chart that expressed all the phenotype characteristics for Parental traits to 60 generations of offspring traits. Afterward data was combined with class data to determine the statistical analysis for all the samples. In addition to analyzing the morphological traits, statistical data was determined by determining the expected number of plants for seed color, Seed texture, Stipules, leaflets, Height, and Tendrils. That was calculated by

However, as Fairbanks says, “from a botanical point of view this accounts for a negligible amount of bias” because the plant traits Mendel chose to observe all show an obvious phenotype in “multiple positions within each plant” so that the peas can be classified easily without question. Based on the article by Fairbanks, Mendel could only have misclassified very few offspring. Fairbanks supports this by saying that Mendel determined the phenotype and the genotype through self-fertilization for some of the F2 offspring in his monohybrid experiments and for all the offspring in his dihybrid and trihybrid experiments. Logically, then, this technique would allow Mendel to correct any misclassifications based on

An example of a typical cross where a parent with completely trait is mated with a parent exhibiting a completely recessive trait is Cross between parent with bloob group B and genotype BB and other parent with blood group O and genotype OO. B is dominant over O. BB x OO gametes : B. F1 All B blood group with genotype Bo. In a typical cross where hybrid F1 parents are mated, the expected outcome and allelic frequency of the F2 progeny is: Cross between two heterozygous tall plant: Tt X

This experiment is being done to show Mendel’s rule of dominance that says certain alleles are dominant and others are recessive. To show this, we are using tobacco seeds, a monohybrid cross comparing only one trait color.

There are many different features and factors between living and nonliving organisms. Living organisms are self explanatory, they are alive and active. They are made up of cells and also have the characteristics of life such as growth, reproduction, movement, response to stimuli; they evolve, and require energy for daily activities. Most of the living organisms on earth is humans, animals, plants, and microorganisms.

He reasoned that there were certain rules by which these characteristics were inherited. He guessed that each plant must possess some sort of unit that specified its characteristics. In fact, each must have two units, one from each parent plant. If the plant inherited two different units, then one would override the other. This was called the dominant unit, and the one that was overridden was called the recessive unit. Mendel's theories were not discovered till 1900, and it began the science called genetics , the study of a physical inheritance. From this name, Mendel's units were changed into genes.

Gregor Mendel, also known as the “father of modern genetics,” revolutionized the world 's understanding of the inheritance of traits when he experimented with various pea plants over multiple generations. In performing this experiment, he discovered the law of independent assortment and law of segregation. The Law of independent assortment states that genes located on separate chromosomes segregate independently of each other. The law of segregation states that two alleles segregate at different gametes so that each gamete receives only one allele. Brassica Rapa plants were developed by Dr. Paul Williams and a team of scientists at the University of Wisconsin. They are effective for

Mendel crossbred pea plants over many generations differing in single traits such as height and from his observations was able to conclude that traits expressed in offspring depend on the type of allele an individual receives from each parent because although 2alleles are inherited, only one is expressed. His law of dominance proposes traits are either dominant or recessive; dominant traits requiring one copy of the gene whereas recessive must have 2 copies of the allele present in-order for the recessive trait to be expressed.