Biology Of Disease And Therapeutics

Everybody knows that obesity is a big factor in developing type-2 diabetes, and that part of coping with this metabolic disorder is lifestyle change. If blood glucose does not go down, then medicines are introduced. Some type-2 diabetics even have to administer insulin in order to keep their blood glucose levels

Placebos have been used in clinical trials since the eighteenth century but did not become a research topic until the late twentieth century (van Haselen, 2013). Most often when using placebos in clinical trials it is to determine whether or not the active agent has more effect on a patient than the placebo by providing each to the same number of recipients. The trials are almost always double blinded, this means that both person giving the drug and the person receiving it are unaware whether or not it is active so that good care and relationships must be present in the recipients at all times (Tavel, 2014). Ovosi, Ibrahim, & Bello-Ovosi (2017) declared “The choice between placebo and active controls in clinical trials affects the quality of the result as well as the ethical and scientific acceptability by both the public and regulatory bodies. It has, therefore, continued to generate discuss among researchers” (para. 3). This goes against the autonomy of a patient which is the right for a person to

Human health and theIR quality of life have been improving in the past 100 due to changes in medicine and in public health (Mattes et al., 2013). Patients are placed on multiple medications at the same time and it important to understand their safety, efficacy, drug interaction, and toxicity (Mattes et al., 2013). As Mr. Cynthia Nurse practitioner, my job is to understand what affect her prescribing medication is having on her body. I have place Mrs. Cynthia on Lisinopril for her hypertension and metformin for her type II diabetes.

Diabetes is a growing but preventable health concern in the United States.1 It is a problem in the body where blood glucose levels rise higher than normal.1 According to the facts released by the American Diabetes Association in 2013, 25.8 million Americans (8.3%) have diabetes 2 and approximately 90% of all cases of diabetes worldwide are considered type 2 diabetes.3 Type 2 diabetes is a progressive disease where the body cannot use insulin properly and the patient ends up using an oral hypoglycemic agent.1 One of the many classes of medications to help manage diabetes is sulfonylureas, including glyburide and glipizide. These drugs close K-ATP channels on Beta cell membranes and cause the pancreas to release more insulin to lower blood sugar.4 Both glipizide and glyburide are metabolized in the liver5, have high protein binding5, and can decrease hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) up to 1%-2%.6 According to the Health Insurance Association of America, health insurance is defined as "coverage that provides for the payments of benefits as a result of sickness or injury".7 Insurance companies always strive to achieve their target glycemic goal via the most effective and cost effective therapeutic strategy.8 A literature search was conducted to find data on the benefits of converting patients from glyburide to glipizide to find out why insurance prefers the switch.

Furthermore, with the pharma logical treatments included in this article for the treatment of Type 2 Diabetes, many individuals will be prevented from developing CVD complications. Studies have shown the importance of patients being compliant with treatment leading to positive health outcomes. With the continued care given to these patients with Type 2 Diabetes many are able to have healthier lifestyles

Type II diabetes mellitus (DM), also referred to as non-insulin dependent diabetes, is a relative, rather than absolute, deficiency of insulin (ADA, 2004). It is global problem and has been identified as one of the “most challenging contemporary threats to public health” (Schauer et al., 2012). One is at risk for developing type II diabetes if they are overweight, over the age of 45, have a relative with type II diabetes, are sedentary, gave birth to a baby over 9 pounds, or had gestational diabetes (Center for Disease Control and Prevention [CDC], 2016).

Provider’s participation in clinical trials as an investigator is critical in development and advancement in treating diseases with new medicines, devices or protocols. Advantages of participation include; professional development, recognition as a leader in the medical community, potential for increased compensation and personal satisfaction. It should be noted not ALL studies provide physician compensation. There is also an advantage to patients whose physician is also a clinical investigator, they can have confidence you will have the ability to consider any

Type 2 diabetes has become an epidemic in the United States. Diabetes affects 25.8 mil-lion people of all ages, which is 8.3% of the total population in the United States (NDIC, 2011). Type 2 diabetes accounts for 90-95% of all diabetes cases and is strongly associated with obesity, age, and physical inactivity (NDIC, 2011). Apart from its prevalence, diabetes involves direct medical costs of $116 billion, and medical expenditures for those with the diagnosis are 2.3 times higher than expenditures would be in the absence of diabetes (NDIC, 2011). Practitioners need to focus on finding the perfect treatment regimen, which may include physical activity along with diet modifications and pharmacologic interventions, in an effort to decrease the financial burden, control blood glucose levels, and improve the overall health of this population. The com-plications of untreated type 2 diabetes can be fatal, with heart disease, stroke, hypertension, blindness, kidney disease, and amputation among the more serious problems (NDIC, 2011). As a future family nurse practitioner, I will treat hundreds of adults and even children with type 2 di-abetes or at risk for it, and knowing the most successful interventions is foundational to being able to provide the best care to this patient population.

In a 52 week randomized clinical study, patients with either type 1 diabetes or type 2 diabetes were treated using insulin glargine or insulin degludec. The study focus was on the effectiveness, safety and how well the patients tolerated the insulin degludec. One area of the study that was of particular interest was the occurrence of hypoglycemic events and mainly nocturnal hypoglycemia. The results of this study were then analyzed and the findings interpreted to compare insulin glargine and insulin degludec.

This project seeks to provide a brief overview of what a new drug has to go through before it hits the streetsstarting with the manufacture, preclinical or clinical trials, documentation, registration, review, approval, marketing, &distribution; focusing on tests they have to hurdle. Another aim would be to identifya drug that binds itself to the SGLT2 & inhibits its function. The researcher has found that Dapagliflozin of the Gliflozin class of antidiabetic medications is anSGLT2 inhibitor. This paper will define keywords, explain the action, enumerate preclinical &clinical trials that have to be undergone before the FDA deems it safe for human consumption; with the ultimate goal of getting the product approved, marketed, &distributed in the US& elsewhere. There are no participants [animal or human] in this report. This

Prescription drugs are a major life factor to both young and old in our society. The vast variety of drugs used to treat many medical conditions is endless. Firstly, glyburide (Diabeta) is an oral diabetes medicine that helps control blood sugar levels. Diabeta is the trade name for glyburide; similarly glyburide is the generic name for Diabeta. Glyburide (Diabeta) is of the sulfonylurea class (hypoglycemic agents) which treats type two diabetes (Sorrentino, 2013). Because of glyburide medications, the pancreas releases more insulin into the blood stream. In type two diabetes, the body is unable to store excess sugar, and therefore, this sugar remains in the bloodstream (Web MD, 2013).

Typically, multidrug regimens are necessary among patients with T2DM to manage hyperglycaemia and the associated risk factors of hypertension and dyslipidemia. In these patients, non-adherence is a major concern. It has been demonstrated that non-adherence is higher among patients with diabetes than those with other common conditions. Prospective studies show that 15–39% of patients are non-adherent to oral anti diabetic drugs. Although patients self-report a 94% adherence rate to sulphonylureas, the actual adherence rate found when electronic monitoring is used is around 75%. Another factor that may influence adherence is the complexity of the dosing regimen. A prospective assessment of self-reported medication adherence conducted in 11,896 individuals with T2DM revealed reduced compliance with twice daily and three times daily dosing compared with once daily dosing. Socioeconomic issues, ethnicity, patient education and beliefs, and poor social support are also predictors of non-adherence. Declining cognitive function, polypharmacy, and poor vision among elderly patients increase the risk

Type two diabetes not only affects the individual it also affects the person’s friends and family. The management of type two diabetes requires keeping glucose levels at a ‘safe level’. When the blood glucose levels go to low (hypoglycaemia) as caused by an imbalance of medication to food the consequences include sweating, tremor, difficulties in concentrating, confusion and in certain cases loss of consciousness can occur. However, if the blood glucose levels go to high (hyperglycaemia) the person may start feeling tied, have increased thirst, frequent urination. If high glucose levels persist life-threating metabolic disturbance may occur which requires emergency hospital admission. Furthermore, the stress of day to day type two diabetes management can often lead to depression, anxiety and/ or distress especially for young people. This highlights the large amount of work and support required from family and friends (Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute,

There is growing concern that intense glucose lowering or the use of certain agents may be associated with adverse cardiovascular outcomes.

Pharmacological interventions used to improve glucose control include both oral glucose lowering agents and injectables including glucose like peptide & insulin. Apart from insulin the choice of available pharmacological interventions to treat diabetics has expanded rapidly over the past decade. Till date, the efficacy & safety of these therapies have not been well documented in people with diabetics & CKD.