Biology: The Five Processes Of Microevolution

According to Darwin and his theory on evolution, organisms are presented with nature’s challenge of environmental change. Those that possess the characteristics of adapting to such challenges are successful in leaving their genes behind and ensuring that their lineage will continue. It is natural selection, where nature can perform tiny to mass sporadic experiments on its organisms, and the results can be interesting from extinction to significant changes within a species.

a. Microevolution: evolutionary change below the species level; change in the genetic makeup of a population from generation to generation. It is evolutionary change on its smallest scale

Microevolution: evolutionary change within a species or small group of organisms, especially over a short period. Basically, microevolution studies small changes in alleles that occur within a population. Over time, these small

Macroevolution (the change of one species to another through natural selection over a long period of time) is currently taught exclusively in many public high schools as the leading theory for the variety of species on Earth, including human life. Everyone who has sat in a high school biology class has heard that humans have evolved over time from a single cell to more complex organisms such as apes to our current state of humans. There is much controversy on the validity of the macroevolution theory which has numerous evidentiary shortcomings. Unlike microevolution (successive changes within a species due to natural selection) which is easily proven through examining bacteria, macroevolution is a best-guess science. Because macroevolution

Evolving is when something changes and develops as time progresses by displaying growth or formation. Evolution has never ended since the absolute origin of life, and will maintain to happen until life is expired for each and every one. Adaptation is required for survival , and to adapt is to remodel for a suitable outcome to the situation or environment. Life in the 17th century and 1600 was an immense imprint for the record of what is life here and now; the changes it went through to remain. The New England and the Chesapeake region were both settled largely by people of English origin , they evolved into two distant societies because of motives, economics and religion/social.

Natural sources of variation include: mutations, gene flow, and genetic shuffling. Mutations are random changes in DNA that result in beneficial, harmful, or no changes in an organism. Gene flow can also be referred to as migration. It is the exchange of genes of individuals from one population to another. Genetic shuffling occurs in meiosis when alleles switch to create new combinations of genes. The steps of natural selection are overproduction, variation, competition, and selection. Overproduction is important because it keeps the species from becoming extinct and allows for more variation in offspring. Variation is what can either help the organism have a higher chance of surviving or could lower the chance of surviving.

1. Evolutionary theory describes how populations change over time due to changes in the gene pool. There are several mechanisms that can change a gene pool and allow evolution to occur. Natural selection, mutation, gene flow and genetic drift are some of the driving forces behind evolutionary change. Natural selection and genetic drift are the mechanisms that decrease genetic variation, whereas gene flow and mutation are the driving mechanism to increase genetic variation. Natural selection is basically the understanding that the environment can not support unlimited population growth, and not all organisms are able to reproduce to their full potential due to trait variation. For example, a black fly may

Define evolution? A slow change of something into better form. The word evolution means change, and the process of evolution reflects this definition as it applies to populations of organisms. Biological populations are groups of individuals of the same species that are sub-divided from other populations by geography and are somewhat independent of other groups. Biological evolution, then, is a change in the characteristics of a biological population that occurs over the course of generations. The changes in populations that are considered evolutionary are those that are inherited via genes. Changes that may take place in populations due only to short-term changes in their environment are not

Evolution is the process of biological change by which descendants come to differ from their ancestors. Natural Selection is when an individual with the best trait survive and breed in more population. Larger populations of organisms with the desired traits will then occur and organisms will evolve. The four principles of Natural Selection are variation, over production, adaptation, and descent with modification. Charles Darwin, an English naturalist and geologist saw two major trends within organisms which were variation and adaptation. Variations are differences in individuals’ physical traits compared to other individuals. In the Galapagos Islands Darwin noticed that finches had different beak sizes and shapes. Darwin then concluded that finches with thicker beaks lived in areas where nuts were the main food source and finches with smaller beaks tended to live in areas where insects were the main food source. Adaptation are features that allow an organism to better survive in their environment. There has been many adaptations in animals but one of the best has been living in groups because animals can then “help each other find food, defend against predators and care for their young” (animalpanet, n.d.). Overproduction is when organisms produce more offspring than the environment can support. Darwin stated that all animals over produce since offspring can reach reproduction age and have offspring of their own. For example, “even a slow breeder

In lab 2 we are using computer simulations to investigate the four forces of evolution. The four forces of evolution include mutation, gene flow, genetic drift and natural selection. Mutation is a way for new alleles to be introduced into the population and is completely random. Gene flow is when a group of individuals migrate into a new population and bring with them new alleles like mutation this can also be random. Genetic drift is when alleles are taken out of a population because of some random occurrence unrelated to the alleles like a natural disaster etc.

An example of microevolution is the evolution of mosquitoes that cannot be killed by pesticides, called pesticide-resistant mosquitoes. Imagine that you have a pesticide that kills most of the mosquitoes in your state. Through a random mutation, some of the mosquitoes have resistance to the pesticide. As a result of the widespread use of this pesticide, most of the remaining mosquitoes are the pesticide-resistant mosquitoes. When these mosquitoes reproduce the next year, they produce more mosquitoes with the pesticide-resistant trait. Soon, most of the mosquitoes in your state are resistant to the pesticide.

Macroevolution is ¨a major evolutionary change. The term applies mainly to the evolution of whole taxonomic groups over long periods of time,¨ (Dictionary.com, 2018). Macroevolution refers to change over a long period of time. ¨Stasis is frequently associated with the theory of punctuated equilibrium, in which most evolutionary change is concentrated during the phylogenetic branching of lineages in very rapid bursts of speciation,¨ (oxfordbibliographies.com, 2018). Another phrase that is often associated with macroevolution is extinction. ¨Extinction is the state or process of a species, family, or larger group being or becoming extinct,¨ (Dictionary.com, 2018). Extinction is associated with macroevolution because they both occur over a long period of

I believe Micro-environment is what our status role is, whereas a macro -environment is more of social hierarchy and socialization. There are many social institutions that can shape a person, just as one family can shape the same person in another way.

Macroevolution and microevolution use different approaches. Macroevolution looks at the classification of species and subspecies whereas micro-evolution takes on a more reductionist approach. Macro-evolution is a large change over time and focuses more on speciation resulting from separated gene pools. Its focus is between species and their common ancestors rather than within species. Microevolution is essentially part of macroevolution, just on a different time scale. Small evolutionary changes over time make up macroevolution and consists of mutations, changes in gene flow, genetic drift, and selection processes. These processes can result in speciation over a large amount of time.

Evolution refers to change over time as species modifies and separate to produce several offspring species.