Biomarker In Clinical Practice

We studied the correlation between the micro-vascular density and pathological tumor staging that revealed high positive correlation between MVD and tumor stage was observed (r = 0.606, p = 0.001). From the ROC curve, by applying the cut off value =37.63 MVD, the higher MVD above the cut off

Doctors need to know the amount of cancer and where it is in the body to be able to choose the best possible treatment. For example, the treatment for early stage breast

C. If a patient does have cancer and it is detected in the early stages there is a greater chance of recovery.

Physicians can perform tests on DNA, RNA and cell proteins to determine if cancer is present within the body. After an individual discovers a sign that leads them to believe that cancerous cells are present within their body, an assessment of a biopsy is the most accurate and common procedure to determine the presence and type of cancer. A biopsy is a process in which a small sample of body tissue is removed and examined by an expert. These processes of detection lead to the declaration of cancer type and viable treatment plans.

Speeding therapy to patients - The most prominent possible upside would be speed in the form of getting new therapies into patients more quickly.

Tumor profiling is another form of advancement to help cure breast cancer. Tumor profiling allows researchers to better understand the genes in cancer cells. In this article found on the Susan G. Koman website, the ability to profile thousands of genes found in tumors is helpful in determining how likely breast cancer will reoccur and probable treatment. “The gene profiles of some tumors may help predict whether the cancer is more likely to recur and metastasize. Tumors with gene profiles showing a high risk of breast cancer recurrence or metastasis may be more likely to benefit from chemotherapy than tumors with gene profiles showing a low risk” (Susan G. Koman).

The diagnostic accuracy of CA 19-9 as used in those patients suffering from cancer of the pancreas has undergone significant literature review by various researchers who include Steinberg, Goonnetilleke and Siriwardena, . The average sensitivity was found to be 81% and an average specificity of 90% for cancer of the pancreas. These values changes when the serum levels changes. Researchers claim that CA 19-9 is not very accurate to be applied in the screening of asymptomatic subjects of cancer of the pancreas but it is a significantly useful blood test when used to differentiate

that the more of the tumor that is removed the better the prognosis. The major thing that

To attain an effect approach to care of cancer there need for a holistic approach on the benefits to the patient. In the year 2010, the number of new cases of cancer was estimated to at 1.52 million cases with close to 570,000 of these people expected to die. This marks a 68% improvement compared to the initial survival rate of five years upon diagnosis. Associated costs in cancer treatment are on the rise. In the United States, costs amount to $263.8 billion where direct medical cost accounts for $102.8 billion and the rest being the lost productivity in the U.S. workforce (Stjernswärd, 2011). Advances in treatment have downgraded the disease from a terminal disease to a chronic one. Drug utilization in the United States increased by 0.7% in the year 2009 and spending grew by 6.1% per person. This is an aspect attributable to new and expensive therapies offered to patients (Edge S.B. et al., 2010).

Mutations may occur, making the predictor obsolete, as different cancers manifest in other ways. Also, other more accurate tests will be expected to come up in the future, because technology is always

The liquid biopsy method of distinguishing cancer in victims today is a non-invasive blood test that will catch tumors early on. This will occur before symptoms arise and therefore has a better chance of being cured. These studies were started by a man named Dennis Lo, professor

Tumour markers are detectable cancer cells that are found in the spinal fluid, urine or blood (Craft, Gordon & Tiziani, 2011). They can include enzymes, hormones, antigens or genes (Craft, Gordon & Tiziani, 2011).Tumour markers are beneficial, in that they are able to identify high risk cancers in individuals (Craft, Gordon & Tiziani, 2011). They also help by diagnosing different cancer types (Craft, Gordon & Tiziani, 2011).There are different markers that are able to identify different cancer types (Craft, Gordon & Tiziani, 2011). For example, Prostrate-specific antigen (PSA) identifies prostate cancer cells and a-fetoprotein (AFP) identifies Hepatic cancer cells (Craft, Gordon & Tiziani, 2011). There is a disadvantage of using tumour markers, and that is that some non-cancerous tissues produce markers (Craft, Gordon & Tiziani, 2011). Therefore, to determine whether a patient has cancer, additional tests are necessary (Craft, Gordon & Tiziani, 2011).

A biopsy of the suspected cancer tissue is the only definitive diagnosis (Davis, 2016). There are several different ways a biopsy can be obtained such as through an endoscopy, needle biopsy, and surgical biopsy. Once the biopsy is obtained the tissue is examined under a microscope to determine whether the tumor is malignant or benign, type of cancer, and the tumor grade ("Module 6: Cancer," 2011). The tumor grade refers to how similar or different the cells resemble the normal tissue. If the tumor cells resemble the normal tissue it is referred to as well differentiated and tends to be slow growing and leads to good prognosis. However, if the tumor cells do not resemble or only slightly resemble the normal tissue it is referred to as poorly differentiated or undifferentiated. This is usually indicative of a fast growing and more aggressive cells that may ultimately lead to a poorer prognosis (“Module 6: Cancer,” 2011).

Personalized medicine is one of the emerging field for CNS biomarker due to rising its application as diagnostic tool which assist in to recognize the precise biological markers. The personalized medicine also assists to identify the genetics which helps in performing medical procedures and treatment that is suitable for individual patient. Research institutes & centres and companies are using CNS information to innovate more efficient nerve disease programs. Oncology is one of the key area in which the development and application of personalized medicine due to rising prevalence of cancer across the globe.

will miss some cancers, and it sometimes can lead to follow up of findings that are not