Biomechanical Analysis of Shot Put and Discus

and stability allowing the knee joint to slightly rotate the body before and while releasing the ball and lastly the tarsals,metatarsal and phalanges (comprise the bones of the foot to allow

In order for maximum force to be generated, a tennis player needs a good stable base from where they can begin the movement. The tennis serve begins with flexion of the knee joint caused by the hamstrings. Then comes extension of the knees as well as hip flexion to start the movement - both of these movements are initiated by the quadriceps. The Erector Spinae muscle causes trunk extension to allow the abdominals to fully flex the trunk and generate the force that is then transferred to the upper body. The deltoids and pectorals major are used to flex the shoulder. These muscles are used to accelerate the whole arm while also stabilising the shoulder. Once the arm has begun to accelerate towards the ball, the tricep brachii is then used to

The upper extremities are linked to the shaft by means of the shoulder girdle. These parts of the body includes; the shoulder girdle together with the shoulder blade and collar bone, the upper arm together with the humerus, the lower arm with the radius, the hand with carpus and lastly the metacarpus and fingers. During the implication of the different types of the serve, the extremities are used in different ways in that, they are involved in different movement and different types of the muscles in them are also required participating in the

In sport, an understanding of biomechanical principles allows athletes and coaches to breakdown movement and learn the correct way to execute a skill (Singh Yadav, 2016, P 669-670).

Lacrosse is defined as a ball game invented by American Indians, now played by two teams who try to propel a ball into each other's goal by means of long-handled hooked sticks that are loosely strung with a kind of netted pouch (Farlex, Inc.). Behind every shot taken in a lacrosse game, elements of biomechanics are implemented. Biomechanics is the “sport science” field that applies the laws of mechanics (movements, body angles, joint positions, etc.), biomedical engineering, and physics (gravity, forces, velocities, etc.) to athletic performance (What is 3D Biomechanics).

during these movements, the angles of those joints, as well as the muscles involved during the

There is a serious debate in the track and field community as to whether there is more benefit, namely increased distances, to be gained in the throwing events from improvements in technique versus improvements in strength. While this debate focuses primarily on the shot put and discus events, the events studied in this research, it is equally true for all the throwing events. As a significant part of the throwing community, the United States is thought of as a nation that focuses too much on strength, at the expense of technique.

There are many muscle groups at play in the smooth, fluid motion of pitching. Muscles in the shoulder, arm, back, and legs are all required to deliver a pitch. Pectoralis major, Subscapularis, Supraspinatus, Infraspinatus, Teres minor and Latissimus dorsi are all used to generate arm speed and increase pitch velocity (NCBI). However, the kinematic chain requires more than just these muscles to transfer the velocity to the ball. “Most people think pitching is all in the arm, but having a solid base is crucial to commanding pitches,” says Peyton. “Strength and conditioning for my legs and back are a really important part of my training; it helps me get a good foundation.” Legs and core are essential to generating velocity and maintaining stability throughout the pitching motion.

There are many more terms and concepts in throwing a baseball then the wind-up, cocking, acceleration, and the follow through. There is also the stride, your pelvis, rotation, deceleration, force, gravity, resistance and speed. (Maranowski). Within the shoulder, there are three major bones used. They are the clavicle, humerus, and the scapula. Another major component of the shoulder while throwing is the rotator cuff. The rotator cuff is made up of four small muscles which are the subscapularis, supraspinatus, infraspinatus, and the teres minor. The main responsibility of the rotator cuff is for the stability of the shoulder joint. It holds the humeral head in the glenoid socket during early abduction while throwing. (" biomechanics of," ).

The rotator cuff is a group of 4 muscles, the supraspinatus, infraspinatus, subscapularis, and the teres minor. These muscles helps to lift your shoulder up over your head and also rotate it toward and away from your body. Unfortunately, it is also a group of muscles that is frequently injured by tears, tendonitis, impingement, bursitis, and strains. The major muscle that is usually involved is the supraspinatus muscle. Rotator Cuff Injuries are usually broken up into the following categories.

The shoulder is a ball and socket joint which allows it a flexion and extension motion.

free throw. I thought by looking more closely at the details of a movement I

is physical). What caused the arm to throw the baseball? The muscles in the arm

The authors conducted this study to see how and when this ability in humans evolved by studying the mechanics used in throwing. They compared the mechanics of throwing of humans to that of chimpanzees. The authors said that previous studies found that the internal rotator muscles are responsible fort the power of the human throw. The investigators hypothesize that the elastic energy storage is the important source for this power. They also stated that other features of the human shoulder are important in storing this energy and

There are many aspects to the game of basketball and physics can be applied to all of them. Although to be good at basketball it is not necessary to play it from a physics point of view. Basketball players become good by developing muscle memory for the actions that must be performed in the game of basketball from years of practice. Nevertheless knowing some of the physics in the game of basketball can help a good player be a better player. In this paper I will cover the three most important aspects of the game, shooting, dribbling and passing.