Biomechanics: Kinematics of Jumping, Literature Review

The topic of this experiment is to determine which type of gymnastics springboard will give the highest elevation. There are two types of springboards used in vaulting the traditional springboard and the air board. Based on research the hypothesis states that if a gymnast jumps on an air board then the height off the board will be higher than if jumping on a traditional springboard. To begin with, the vault has been in the Olympics for men since 1896 and for women since 1952. The vault requires a gymnast to run down a runway, jump on a springboard, and flip over the vault table.

Struzik, Artur, Bogdan Pietraszewski, and Jerzy Zawadzki. "Biomechanical Analysis of the Jump Shot in Basketball." Journal of Human Kinetics. Akademia Wychowania Fizycznego W Katowicach, 10 Oct. 2014. Web. 27 Oct. 2015.

Limb length has a significant role to play in the success of the tennis serve which can evidently be seen in that over the last few decades the sport of tennis has had few professional players that are shorter than 180cm (McLester & St.Pierre, 2008, p 240).

Jumping (bilateral): Hip and knee is in extension, while ankle is in plantar flexion, and shoulder abduction and flexion while in the air.

Pike, toe touch, eagle spread, left herkie, right herkie, these are all forms of jumps in

This experiment was completed in order to compare calf circumference as well as weight to jump height. If a person has larger calves then they will likely be capable of reaching a higher vertical height. It can also be shown that since males tend to have larger calves, they can jump higher. A larger calf circumference is more likely to reflect a high vertical jump due to the fact that the fat content of the calves in the experiment was accounted for, therefore a large calf measurement in this experiment means a muscular calf. It is common knowledge that more muscle will result in stronger legs leading to a higher vertical.

Once the ball is fielded, the athlete will jump forward off of their right leg if they a right handed thrower to continue their momentum towards the target. The important parts of this stage are fielding the ball cleanly and continuing all of their momentum forward. These are the two things coaches and players are really looking to accomplish. The momentum will be talked about later in the paper as it is one of the important biomechanical concepts incorporated in this movement. In this stage, the athlete will field the ball with their glove positioned directly under their shoulder with the webbing of the glove on the ground. This is to make sure the ball rolls into the glove and not under it. The athlete is flexed at both the hips, knees and spine to accomplish getting the glove on the ground. With the hips being flexed, this means the athlete’s pelvis will be anteriorly rotated. The right ankle will be dorsiflexed and the left ankle will be plantarflexed so the athlete can continue his momentum forward to get power on his throw. The glove hand wrist is neither flexed or extended but in a neutral position. The fingers of the glove are extended though in order to open up the webbing of the glove and trap the ball inside. The forearm is supinated to allow for the webbing to be opened towards where the ball is coming from. The athlete’s elbow is extended and their shoulder is flexed on

 1)Flexion happens when a decrease in the angle between two body segments happens like in the shoulder, elbow, hips and knee joints. An example could be when using a dumbbell of 10 pounds to curl the biceps, flexion takes place at the elbow.

Goals of the rehab protocol for Jumper’s knee • To maintain pain and swelling • To regain full ROM of the knee • To initiate suitable stretching and strengthening exercises (Walter R. Lowe, n.d) Phase 1 Goals for Phase One in Rehab Protocol • To Maintain pain and inflammation • Help the patient to be independent in HEP • Establish pain free muscular strength exercises • Activate Sufficient quad/VMO contraction (Walter R. Lowe, n.d)

Biomechanics have changed the world of sport for the better they make the difference of whether you are going to be able to play again or not. Biomechanics help with sporting injuries, along with kinesiology they have changed the game and took it to another level. There is just one problem, to have access to this services an individual would have to either be a professional in sport at a high level or have access to a lot of money or a wealthy income. Only certain places have the authorization to use these technologies and only certain people are qualified this is why that it is only available to the wealthy people and to the top athletes around the world. When military use this technology it is paid for by government. Biomechanics is a

Powers, Harrison, & Storey, (1999) had presented a research paper with the topic as Kinematic Analysis of Take Off Parameters During Loose Jumping In Young Untrained Horses. This study examined the kinematic differences at take off between two groups of young untrained horses. Sixteen young horses were used in as subjects of mean age & height of 3.7±0.7 years 165.5±3.7cm respectively. All horses were untrained, had never been ridden, and had minimal experience with loose jumping. As set-up a parallel fence measuring 1 m by 0.50 m was set up along one side of a large well-lit indoor arena. The fence dimensions were chosen as the maximum size all the horses would attempt. White markers of 40 mm in diameter were stuck to the related anatomical

Upon landing a vertical jump, the athlete exerts a force on the ground and as a result, experiences vertical

motions, and our facials are working overtime, motions sharp as boards. First sequence of jumps, everyone gets off the ground and everyone lands.

Pole vaulting is a an Olympic sport categorised as an athletic event where a vaulter must use a pole to push themselves up and over a high bar in an attempt to vault themselves over the highest placed bar in order to win. Many variables come into play of pole vaulting which can allow for the athlete to vault themselves the highest including the length of the run and pole, the bend of the pole, the correct generation of speed and a strong strike into the box. There are many forces and energies involved in the physics of pole vaulting which can provide reasoning for why and how people can vault themselves over such great heights and still successfully land safely after falling from such great heights.

ABSTRACT: Depending upon the type of terrain an¬¬d application, robot motion varies from simple translatory motion to complex motions like walking, jumping, climbing. Jumping is a preferred mode over others when it comes to crossing obstacles that are of a size larger than the robots own body. It is better to jump over a terrain with irregular surface, debris, ground cracks than climbing and crossing over them. A new mechanism for increasing the usefulness of ground robots in surveillance applications has been proposed, which adds a jumping ability to the existing wheeled motion. The operations of wheeled movement and the jumping mechanism are independent of each other. The configuration for a two wheeled jumping robot is defined, the jumping