Biomedical And Behavioral Research: Ethical Principles

A 35-year-old man named Paul, who has a supportive wife and two adventurous kids, has been diagnosed with a very severe case of bone cancer for 1 year now. Since this type of cancer is so severe, chemotherapy is starting to not work as well. Paul’s oncologist unfortunately had to suggest a final option for Paul to try which was a clinical research trial. Clinical research trials are experimental studies that deem whether or not a medical drug, treatment, surgery, or device is safe and beneficial for humans to use ("National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute"). As explained in Marcia Angell’s Article, “The Ethics of Clinical Research in the Third World”, the Declaration of Helsinki of the World Health Organization (WHO) provides a guideline

The National Commission for the Protection of Human Subjects of Biomedical and Behavioral Research was created to make guidelines to protect human subjects from harm in projects and experiments in 1979; this was the Belmont Report (Shutt, p. 67). Horrendous acts such as the Tuskegee Experiment (African American subjects who had or were given syphilis were unknowingly not cured and then monitored by researchers for the U.S. Public Health Services starting from the 1930’s until the early 1970’s) (Gamble, p. 1773) and the Milgram Experiment (people were told by a “person in a lab coat” (researcher) to test the memory of other “subjects” (portrayed by actors), and if an incorrect response were given then a shock was administered to the “subject” in which the level of shock would increase each time a wrong answer was given until a lethal shock was administered under orders from the “person in a lab coat”) (Shutt, p. 64 – 65). were allowed until the Belmont Report was created. The Belmont Report set three basic principles to safeguard subjects. These are: respect for persons (making sure all patients’ autonomies (of any capacity) are protected), benefice (minimal harm with maximum benefits), and justice (balancing harm and risk in all aspects of the experiment/project) (Shutt, p. 67).

There are many issues that surround biomedical ethics in today’s World including Abortion. For many centuries abortion has been told to many that it is morally wrong, but is it really. Furthermore, when is abortion morally wrong, if a woman is raped and decides to get an abortion or if a woman is not ready to became a mother because of her religious background. For many people it is easy to say that abortion is morally and virtually wrong but how can one say that if they have never been in that situation. I think it is easier to discriminate against someone having an abortion instead of believing that abortion is right depending on the situation. Also, one must ask themselves under what conditions is an abortion morally permissible.

There are many ethical issues in the healthcare field. These issues range from insurance coverage, senior care, childhood immunizations, beneficence, abortion, medicinal marijuana, honesty and medical research (Fritzsche, D., 2004). Today we will discuss the ethical concerns in only one aspect of heath care and that topic is research (Benatar, S., 2000). Medical research is necessary in order to make strides in health care, introduce new medications, to discover new symptoms and disorders and to test new treatment options for current medical problems. Students of medicine, universities and pharmaceutical companies conduct this research primarily. Much of this research is time consuming and costly, therefore obtaining funding is not

When one researches about the medical ethics in human experimentation, it is difficult to disregard the harsh realities of it. As Leonard Nimoy stated in his role as Spock in the movie, Star Trek II: The Wrath of Khan, “the needs of the many outweigh the needs of the few”. This is the cruel truth that be seen everywhere, but many people tend to ignore it since it is such a dreary thought. Many people, especially those in third world countries, are exploited every day. Large corporate companies come to typically poorer foreign nations, where there is a large gap between the rich and poor, to find cheaper workers. Many people in these foreigners tend to be desperate for money and immediately sign up for these jobs. Typical corporations would hire these people and make them work in inhumane working conditions such as long hours, less pay, and give no sanitation facilities. Although this happens on an everyday basis, there are very few people out there who challenge the large corporations. This example can also apply to medical ethics, sometimes a small amount of people have to suffer through experiments to help the general public. Although this is a morbid thought, it has been used in the past. During the mid-twentieth century, many American scientist believe that experimenting on a few people and making them suffer would create results that would be very beneficial to the general public. Today, most modern developed countries don’t believe in this ideology, but there are

Beneficence: “The bioethical principle of benefitting others by preventing harm, removing harmful conditions, or affirmatively acting to benefit another or others, often going beyond what is required by law.”

The Belmont Report was put in place to protect individuals who are involved in biomedical and behavioral research. The Belmont Report assist individuals to understand ethical codes and strategies essential for conducting research where human are involved. Three main ethical principles for research according to The Belmont Report include respect for persons, benificence, and justice. The Belmont Report keeps individuals in line when an issue arises. Sometimes people are faced with adversity and need to come to a decision that would not hurt or harm all parties involved. The individuals conducting the research are welcome to use these ethical codes and strategies to develop a conclusion that best suit all parties involve. In this paper

If a patient goes to the doctor for a yearly check-up or bloodwork and the doctor and/or the physician finds that they have an incurable disease, do they need to know? Or if the patient (if they are a child or simply have family/friends there who they wish not to be told) has information they need to give to their doctor/physician and they tell them after everyone leaves, does the doctor have the right or must they tell the parents, relatives, or friends. This is ethics (specifically in the biomedical field), according to Discoverer ProQuest, “Bioethics is the branch of ethics, or moral decision-making, that deals with the problems of biology and medicine. It requires disciplined, systematic reflection on these difficult issues.”(Bioethics

According to the Ethical Principles of Psychologists and Code of Conduct (2017) put forth by the American Psychological Association (APA), there are several ethical implications that should be emphasized for working with Kathy, including boundaries to competence, limits to confidentiality, and informed consent to participate in therapy. Standard 2.01 A boundaries to competence should be considered when treating Kathy. With Kathy’s multifaceted concerns, including her depressive symptoms, substance use, and suicide attempts, I would want to ensure that I was competent to counsel her. This is further emphasized by my obligation to do no harm in accordance with standard 3.04 A (APA, 2017). Given that I have not received

Human testing ethics has been a prominent topic in science. There’s an extent to human testing. If it’s just a plain old test online asking basic questions about their everyday life, that fits into the category of OK. If it’s an experiment involving orphans who are scolded for every little flaw and deformity in their speech for six months. That’s past the line. I’m astonished that that even was thought of. You can’t do that in the “name of science.” There’s been numerous accounts of scandals in the topic of human testing. Gas chamber experiments involving 210,000 civilians, Tuskegee studies, and unnecessary experiments on children and adults. If you wouldn’t test it on yourself then you shouldn’t be conducting that experiment. Many of the issues

1. What are some of the assumptions scientists make about understanding the world and universe?

Informed consent and voluntary participation- The psychologist must tell the participant about the aim of the research and everything they may encounter during the research process. They must also explain that at anytime the participant may want to decline or leave from the research then they are allowed to go freely

Doctors have always been thought of as the “caretakers of mankind” and that is why the type of medicine performed by the doctors of Nazi Germany was so shocking, egregious and immoral that it violated the trust placed in them by humanity. The Holocaust seems so far removed from our reality today, and it may be hard for people to imagine the horrors inflicted by such doctors as Joseph Mengele and others in the name of “medical advancement”. There is no doubt that these experimentations are viewed as barbaric, unethical and thinly veiled under the guise of science. Many feel that findings from these studies should never be published or used. An ethical and moral dilemma still remains today as some of the research resulted in data that potentially

Nuremberg Code is a set of 10 sophisticate principles regarding ethical clinical research on human being (Grodin, 1994). It is mainly for protection of subjects’ human right (Shuster, 1997), such as compulsory of informed consent and the equal authority of subjects as the physician-researcher to end the experiment.

(Ethical Standards of Scientific Research) When a person is asked what he/she thinks of ethics or morals they reply is usually right or wrong, many would give examples of ethics such as the Golden Rule ("Do unto others as you would have them do unto you"), a protocol of professional conduct in the healthcare industry is the Hippocratic Oath ("First of all, do no harm"), a religious creed in the Holy Bible is the Ten Commandments ("Thou Shalt not kill..."). The distinguish between right and wrong is typically learned at home, at school, in church, or in other social settings. Even though most people gain their sense of right and wrong during early childhood, moral growth transpires throughout life and human beings pass through different stages of growth as they mature. Ethical standards are so omnipresent that one might be tempted to regard them as simple common sense. On the other hand, if morality were nothing more than common sense, then why are there so many ethical disputes and issues in our society?