Bioportal Ch. 2 Study Guide

4. An atom is the smallest unit of an element. The significance of its electron configuration is that they constantly circle the nucleus within orbits or shells at varying distances from the nucleus.

2. Describe the three different types of bonds, providing examples of molecules formed through each type of bond. (3 points) Covalent bond, methane. Ionic bond, table salt. Hydrogen bond, water.

1) Water molecule is formed with 2 hydrogens and one oxygen atom. Water molecule is a polar molecule because both the opposite side of the molecule have opposite charges. And also, atoms are linked by covalent bonds.

For the following molecules determine which atoms are bonded (write the symbols with a bond between them), the electronegativity difference between them, and the type of chemical bond it represents. If the bond is ionic, state what ions are produced. If the bond is polar covalent, indicate the direction of the dipole on the symbols from the first part.

There are three types of bonds ionic,polar, and nonpolar.Ionic bonds is between metals and nonmetals where the electrons are transferred.Polar bonds are between two nonmetals and they do not share electrons equally.Nonpolar two nonmetals share electrons equally. For example of NaCl is a ionic covalent.Na is 0.9 and Cl is 3.0. Subtract 3.0 and 0.9 and the difference is 2.1 for it to Ionic it has to be greater than 1.9.Also ionic is a nonmetal and a metal.CO2 is an example of 0% of ionic. C and O are both nonmetals. Oxygen is 3.5 and Phosphorus is 2.1. This is polar because 3.5- 2.1 is 1.4 . This is an example of intermediate degree. Another way to determine if a compound is polar, ionic or nonpolar is to test the melting point ,solubility in water, and conductivity.The purpose of this lab Bonding

Multiple forms of the same element that have the same amount of protons but different number of neutrons in their nuclei.

The last type of reaction is a combustion reaction. The reaction will always have oxygen and a hydrocarbon as reactants and the products will be carbon dioxide and water (General Equation: CxHy + O2→ CO2 + H2O). A reactant, as mentioned before, is a substance that takes part in and undergoes change during a reaction (left side of the equation) while the product is what is formed from the reaction (right side of the equation). While having the chemical equation can help determine if a reaction is occurring, there are some visual indicators of a reaction as

into the blood. Doctors would measure the amount of tracer that is found in the urine of their patient in order to diagnose them. Which is the only subatomic particle that is directly involved in the chemical reactions between atoms? The only subatomic particle that is directly involved is an electron. What is potential energy? Potential energy is energy that matter has due to its location or structure. Explain which has more potential energy in each pair: boy at the top of a slide/boy at the bottom Boy at top of a slide because of his location. electron in the first energy shell/electron in the third energy shell Electron in third energy shell because of its relative distance from the nucleus water/glucose Glucose because of its structure (glucose has more chemical bonds) What determines the chemical behavior of an atom? The distribution of electrons in the electron shells determines the chemical behavior of an atom. For sodium: How many valence electrons does it have? 1 valence electron How many protons does it have? 11 protons Section 3 15. Define molecule. A molecule is formed by two or more atoms held together by a covalent bond. 16. Now, refer back to your definition of a compound and fill in the following chart: Molecule? Compound? Molecular Formula Structural Formula (y/n) (y/n) Water Yes Yes H2O H - O - H Carbon Dioxide Yes Yes CO2 O = C = O Methane Yes Yes CH4 Oxygen Yes No O2 O = O What type of bond is seen in O2? Explain what this means. A double covalent bond is

o The presence of the halogen atom (ie – Cl) on a hydrocarbon chain makes the molecule polar.

Chemical reactions happen in industrial processes, living systems, and chemical laboratories. These reactions are thought to form products during their processes. These reactions are called combustion, synthesis, decomposition, precipitation, single-replacement, double replacement, acid-base, and redox. Combustion is known as burning. It happens when a substance combines with oxygen, which results in the release of large amounts of energy forming heat and light.

Introduction : Chemical reactions are a process that involves, rearranging the molecular structure of substances to create new ones. There are about 5 types of reactions, however, the 3 most significant types are synthesis, (e.g. 2Na + Cl2 → 2NaCl); decomposition (CaCO3 → CaO + CO2); and finally combustion. Combustion is a rapid chemical combination of a substance (fuel) with oxygen, including the production of heat and light (e.g. CH4 + 2O2 → CO2 + 2H2O). In these types of reactions, bonds are broken and then formed to create the end product, which all requires the use or release of energy.

Compare and contrast using a Venn diagram two different habitats in regard to: water source, temperature, climate, food sources and members of the animal community.

The high concentration of urea might unfold proteins because urea is a very good hydrogen donor and hydrogen acceptor. Urea molecules are basically able to fit in between hydrogen bonds and eventually destabilize the structures of the proteins.

C can be decomposed by chemical means, B cannot be decomposed by chemical means. From this we may conclude that _ 14) _ o 15) B A) A is a compound, B and C are elements C) A is an element, B and C a re compounds ©A and C are compounds, B is an element D) A, B and C are all elements 16) !

We all are living in a science world. Everything has some kind of reaction going on in our living area. It is just we do not get to see or realize that where n how we having our life much easier than it used to be. In these writing assignments, the topic is about the organic chemistry. In organic chemistry, we all have different kinds of compounds. In addition, alkanes, alkenes, and alkynes are the parts of the organic and inorganic compounds. We also can learn about the structural formula they all have in different form. Polymerization is another type of chemical reaction that we get to