Biopsychosocial Model Of Mental Health

Specific phobia, also known as simple phobia, is an anxiety disorder characterized by persistent and unreasonable fear of something or fear of a situation, wherein such fear is not proportionate to the danger or risk of that thing or situation that a person has the fear of. The five sub-type of specific phobia are the animal, natural environment, blood injection injury, situational and others. The most common specific phobia is the animal phobia. Examples of this animal phobia include fear of dogs, snakes, insects or mice. To prevent over diagnosis of specific phobia, DSM 5 have made several changes based on the over assessment of danger or erratic fear. To be considered as one of the specific phobias, it should meet the requirements

There are a few models of mental health. In the medical model various professionals such

A phobic disorder is marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger. Agoraphobia is an intense, irrational fear or anxiety occasioned by the prospect of having to enter certain outdoor locations or open spaces. For example, busy streets, busy stores, tunnels, bridges, public transportation and cars. Traditionally agoraphobia was solely classified as a phobic disorder. However, due to recent studies it is now also viewed as a panic disorder. Panic disorders are characterised by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly (Weiten, 1998).

The Biopsychosocial model (BPS) was established in the early 1970s as a replacement for the biomedical approach created by George Engel (1977). He had argued against the reductionist biomedical model of disease for not considering the behavioural, psychological and social dimensions in the model (Jull, 2017). Wade and Halligan, (2016) had established that biomedical remains as the dominant healthcare approach. The aim of BPS is to integrate the biological factors with psychological and environmental factors, Engel (1977) suggested that the biopsychosocial model of illness has a significant role in the functioning of humans in terms of disease or illness and can make medicine more scientific and should be adopted into psychiatry research (Adler, 2009). Davies and Roache, (2017) established that the model was exceedingly determined, recommending new details for practices as well as a non-reductive advocate for mental illness.

A phobic disorder is marked by a persistent and irrational fear of an object or situation that presents no realistic danger. Agoraphobia is an intense, irrational fear or anxiety occasioned by the prospect of having to enter certain outdoor locations or open spaces. For example, busy streets, busy stores, tunnels, bridges, public transportation and cars. Traditionally agoraphobia was solely classified as a phobic disorder. However, due to recent studies it is now also viewed as a panic disorder. Panic disorders are characterised by recurrent attacks of overwhelming anxiety that usually occur suddenly and unexpectedly (Weiten, 1998).

The Biopsychosocial (BPS) model greatly differs because while the biomedical answers the main question “why do people get sick?” the BPS also answers the question “why else do people get sick?” [9] According to the BPS model, the human being is complex and must be understood as a whole. That there is a relationship between body, mind and environment and that one aspect affects the others. Health and illness are caused by multiple factors and have multiple effects, from the biological or cellular level

The approach attributes complex events or phenomena to many causes. All these three components affect how a person develops. The biopsychosocial model is used in many fields because of how it examines how different factors affect an individual. Biological factors are usually due to genetics which are ingrained aspects of an individual such as hair color and skin tone. Biological factors also include other aspects such as brain changes and functioning of major body organs like kidney, liver or one’s motor skills. Psychological factors include aspects such as emotions, behaviors, thoughts, coping skills and temperament. The social component of biopsychosocial theory looks at social factors such as one’s culture, interactions with others, and one’s economic status (Newman & Newman, 2014). The theory is used in examining mental health disorders, social disorders and the general development of an

The biopsychosocial model and the biomedical model are long-standing theories that describe how an individual's mental state affects their physical health. The biomedical model has been used in Western medicine for a longer time compared to the biopsychosocial model. However, the biomedical model health in a fashion that separates physical health and mental health. This model says that the two do not interact with each other in any way that will affect illnesses. The biopsychosocial model connects physical and mental health saying that they do have an effect on each other. Poor physical health can lead to poor mental health, and vice versa. This paper will describe what each of the models are, how they are used in today's medicine field, as well as compare and contrast the models to each other.

When discussing the different approaches behind medical practices, the two major models are the biopsychosocial and the biomedical. The biomedical model is defined solely by the patient’s presence or absence of disease (Gurung, 2014). The patient’s health is examined physically while taking into consideration ones underlying genetic factors. On the other hand, the biopsychosocial model is a well-rounded approach to examining health. This model takes into account the individual’s psychological status, social surroundings, behavior, as well as physical health (Gurung, 2014).

To best understand how health psychology is of importance, models such as the biopsychosocial model has been introduced to science to bridge the mind and body. This model helps us to understand how both the body and mind have

The biopsychosocial model is a perspective for explaining the causes of mental problems, which collects evidence from the individual’s social, psychological and biological conditions (Toates, 2010, p19). It considers those factors as interdependent and equally important (Toates, 2010, p13). This essay will evaluate this model ability to understand depression and anxiety, addiction, and dementia, and will show that in some cases of mental problems, the biopsychosocial perspective is not the appropriate tool for explaining these problems.

Biopsychosocial model consists of biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors that determines mental health illnesses. The diagram shows the overlapping of the circles which conveys that the interaction is the determinant not just the simple existence of these theories.

The National Alliance on Mental Illness (NAMI, 2017) explained that many types of anxiety disorders exist, which may be classified by symptoms. NAMI (2017) described patients with excessive worrying, difficulty concentrating, and nausea as having generalized anxiety disorder (GAD). This is a common type of anxiety disorder. Social anxiety disorder (SAD) is defined by an intense fear of social situations, accompanied by irrational concerns about humiliation, reported NAMI (2017). Patients with social anxiety disorder may experience a panic attack when forced into an unwanted social situation (NAMI, 2017). These patients fear social situations. A similar disorder is panic disorder; patients undergo panic attacks, which are similar to heart attacks (NAMI, 2017). According to these authors, panic attacks may involve chest pains, heart palpitations, dizziness, and shortness of breath. Panic disorder is only one form of anxiety disorder that patients may have. NAMI (2017) explained further how some patients may be diagnosed with phobias, because they have extreme reactions and irrational fears to specific places, events, or objects. Many other types of anxiety disorders have been classified. Other types include agoraphobia, selective mutism, separation anxiety disorder, and a substance abuse (NAMI, 2017). In order to properly identify the type of anxiety disorder the patient might present with, nurses should be knowledgeable about the causes of anxiety

In general, a phobia refers to “extreme [and] irrational fear reactions” (Powell, Honey, & Symbaluk, 2013, p. 190). Phobias are developed through a process called classical conditioning. Classical conditioning involves “a process in which one stimulus that does not elicit a certain response is associated with a second stimulus that does; as a result, the first stimulus also comes to elicit a response” (Powell et al., 2013, pp. 109-110).

Thereby it is not completely clear, what the causes for phobia are. Phobia is often caused by something scary that happened earlier in somebody’s life, but not every one develop phobias after special experiences. An explanation for this could be that for some people certain parts of the brain and specific neural pathways are associated with phobias. It is