Bios251 Week 7 Lab

during these movements, the angles of those joints, as well as the muscles involved during the

Together, the two sides extend neck; alone, each rotates and laterally flexes neck to that side

The largest joint in the horses is the stifle joint in the hind legs. This joint is a lot like the knee in us, humans. The lower Femur, upper tibia and patella (knee cap) are the bones that make up the joint. Sitting between the femur and tibia is the semilunar cartilages(menisci)this helps with shock absorption and helps keep the joint positioned correctly. The Patella sits on the trochlea a track like structure that sits on the lower end of the femur. This structure purpose is to reduce friction and to transmit extension power from the femur down to the tibia. The quadriceps femoris is the main extensor of the stifle and, runs along the front of the femur connecting to the patella. Three patellar ligaments(middle patellar, medial patellar

Fibrous joints are classified as having articulating bones joined by dense regular connective tissue (mainly consisting of collagen) and no joint cavity(3). Majority of fibrous joints are synarthroses or amphiarthroses. The three types of fibrous joints are sutures, gomphoses, and syndesmoses. Sutures are synarthroses joints present on the skull(2). The sutural ligament which is composed of connective tissue fibers and is continuous with the periosteum joins the two skull bones(1,2). Sutures give strength and allow growth of the skull during childhood(3). Once growth has occurred the dense regular connective tissue becomes ossified and the bones fuse together(3). Gomphoses are synarthrosis joints that only occur between teeth and sockets of the mandible and maxillae(3). Collagen fibers in the periodontal ligament link the root of the tooth and the bony socket(1).

The human elbow is the summation of 3 articulations. The first 2 are the ones traditionally thought of as constituting the elbow: the humeroulnar articulation (the synovial hinge joint with articulation between the trochlea of the humeral condyle and the trochlear notch of the ulna) and the humeroradial articulation (the articulation between the capitulum of the humeral condyle and the concavity on the superior aspect of the head of the radius). The third is a pivot-type synovial joint with articulation between the head of the radius

form out from the bone where tendons and ligaments attach and where adjacent bones articulate.

The radius is a long bone; this means that the bone is longer in length than it is wide; which aids in mechanical movement of the skeleton. Most skeletal muscle attaches to bone, therefore when muscles contract and relax, which allows flexion and extension in the sagital plane. Flexion decreases the angle at the moving joint. Extension increases the angle at the moving joint. Synovial joints such as the elbow hinge joint are able to efficiently carry out these motions. The wrist is a classic example of a condyloid joint, which means it can move on two axes, side to side and back and forth so on the sagittal and frontal plane.

Knee joint is a stability dominant joint due to its ligament and tendon structure operating as a hinge with limited

The elbow (ulnohumeral) joint is a hinge joint, and, permits motion in only one plane.,the sagittal plane, and the only motions that occur in the sagittal plane are flexion and extension.

the joint to work. For example the Knee joint is a synovial joint. Where the femour and tibia meet the

The carpometacarpal articulations are planar synovial joints that connect the carpal to the metacarpal bones (Starkey, et al., 2011).

This is due in large part to the significant presence of a synovial membrane nestled between the ball (humerus) and the socket (scapula). The synovial membrane is particular to freely movable joint cavities and is a cushion between the two bones. As briefly mentioned previously, synovial joints contain articular cartilage -which covers bones at the joint-, joint capsules –a sac that covers the ends of bones-, and synovial membranes –fluid that serves to reduce friction, provide shock cushioning, and lubricates. These features are key in the glenohumeral joint because it has such a large ROM and is subject to more shock than many other joints in the

The movements produced at this joint are dorsiflexion and plantarflexion of the foot. The talocrural joint is a synovial hinge joint that connects the distal ends of the tibia and fibula in the lower limb with the proximal end of the talus. The ankle joint is bound by a strong ligament call deltoid and three lateral ligaments named:

Metacarpals- they are long bones that are in the hand that connect to the wrist bones (carpals) and to the finger bones (phalanges). The top of the metacarpals form the knuckles where they

Ball and socket – a joint which moves within a socket to allow rotary motion in every direction therefore it is the most free , for example the hip is a ball and socket joint, allowing complete rotary movement. They are classified as multiaxial joints due to them being able to move bones along several spate axis.