Bipolar 1 And 2 Research Paper

Bipolar disorder is a mood disorder known for severe persistent mood instabilities between mania and depression, . It causes unusual changes in mood, energy, and activity levels which makes ability to perform daily tasks very hard. (Concepts Advisory Panel [CAP], 2015). BPD affects more than 2.3 million adult Americans, or 1% of the population. (Guo, Patel, Li, & Keck 2010). There are four basic types of bipolar spectrum; All of them involve clear change in the mood energy, and activity levels (CAP,2015). These mood incidences’ ranges from periods of extremely high and energized behavior known as Manic episodes to very sad, or hopeless periods known as depressive episodes. Bipolar I disorder, the client has at least one episode of manic followed by major depression. Bipolar II disorder, the client has one or more hypomanic and major depressive episodes, the other not so severe and less diagnoses type of Bipolar is chronic mood disorder that lasts more two years with combination of hypomania and dysthymia. (CAP,2015). This paper will go into, Bipolar I, Manic episodes, the pathophysiology, Sign and symptoms, treatments, comorbidity, nursing intervention and nursing and patient therapeutic relationship.

Approximately 0.5-1 percent of Americans will develop bipolar II disorder in their lifetime, worldwide the prevalence is 0.4 percent (Rosenberg & Kosslyn, 2011). Bipolar disorder is one of the main causes of disability, because of its cognitive and functional impairment, the high rate of medical and psychiatric comorbidity, and the relevant suicide risk (Dell 'Osso, et al., 2016). Bipolar II disorder is one of the two most commonly diagnosed subtypes of Bipolar disorder, which are distinguished by the amount of burden the depression causes, the number, frequency, duration, and severity of the depressive episodes, and the occurrence of specific sub threshold episodes (Dell 'Osso, et al., 2016). Although bipolar II disorder diagnosis are on the rise we lack extensive research on the features and treatments of this disorder (Datto, Pottorf, Feeley, Laporte, & Liss, 2016). Bipolar II disorder is now recognized in the latest Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) under a new chapter dedicated specifically to bipolar disorders. Which proves that bipolar disorders are their own set of disorders in terms of symptomatology, family history, and genetics (Möller, et al., 2014). This allows an enhancement in the accuracy of diagnosis, which in turn leads to earlier treatment. In the DSM-5 it states that bipolar II disorder can lead to effects such as disability, comorbidity, mortality, and an impact on the quality of life (Datto, Pottorf,

There is more to the treatment of bipolar disorder than medication, but the medication Lithium has been the primary treatment since the 1960’s. In four studies

Medication is the first line of defense in treating bipolar disorder. Traditionally, lithium was the drug of choice for bipolar patients. Though lithium is still used

This paper is a fictional first person account of what my life would be like if I had been diagnosed with bipolar II disorder during my freshman year of college. This account will explore the interpersonal, environmental, and developmental effects this mental illness would have had on me as well as how my life course would have changed. Scholarly articles, the DSM 5, and my education in both the psychology and social work field influenced the depiction of bipolar II disorder presented. This paper will also focus on types of treatment and therapeutic relationships that I would find helpful if I was diagnosed with this mental illness.

Bipolar 2 Disorder is somewhat similar to the regular bipolar disorder. It has its high and lows. the "up" moods never reach full-blown mania. The less-intense elevated moods in bipolar II disorder are called hypomanic episodes, or hypomania (Bipolar). There is no cure for this disorder but it can be treated with medication. People that have Bipolar 2 Disorder tend to turn to drugs and alcohol to cope with their disorder. Usually that is never a good thing.

When a patient is in a manic episode they are very excited, energetic, and hyper. A manic episode can cause a patient to make impulsive, irrational decisions such as, partaking in high risk behaviors, spending large amounts of money they cannot afford, having sexual indiscretions even when they’re in a committed relationship or driving at dangerous speeds. There is a lesser state of mania called hypomania, it is in very close relation to a manic episode, the patient is not as hyper but it is still considered a abnormal state of high emotion. When a patient is in a depression episode it consists of sadness and hopelessness. The patient can become more tired, irritable, or have a change in their eating habits. In this episode thoughts of suicide can occur, losing interest in things they have previously enjoyed. These are just a few examples of the actions a patient makes when in a manic or depressed episode. There are multiple bipolar disorders, bipolar I and bipolar II are better known. The reader has been diagnosed with bipolar two at the age of twenty two. This disorder has been a problem since the age of ten, after learning more about the disorder over the years it’s been a process learning how to cope and continue everyday life. The lives of patients who have been diagnosed with this disorder are affected

Because of this, there are two main types of bipolar disorder, bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder. Bipolar I disorder is the most common type out of the two disorders. As it states in the textbook Abnormal Psychology: Clinical and Scientific Perspectives (2014), the main difference between the two disorders is that bipolar I has the occurrence of a manic episode throughout the course of the disorder. A manic episode can be described as the person be very talkative at a fast pace, easily distracted, reckless behavior and lack of self control, little need for sleep, and elated. A person with bipolar I disorder can have a lack of self-control which can lead to a very dangerous sex life by engaging in unprotected sexual activity with multiple partners, or even obtaining a drug addiction. On the other end of the spectrum, there are occurrences of depressed episodes that are experienced by people with both bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder. Depressed episodes can be characterized by the person being in a bad mood or experiencing sadness daily. Feeling fatigued, having difficulty concentrating, not remembering things easily, and eating problems can stem from depressed episodes. Individuals may also experience a sense of hopelessness that can potentially lead to the attempt or even carrying out suicide. Hypomanic episodes are also experienced by individuals with both bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder. These

Bipolar Disorder or manic-depressive disorder is a disorder characterized by highs, manias, and lows, depressions, and can therefore be easily distinguished from unipolar depression, a major depressive disorder in DSM-5, by the presence of manic or hypomanic episodes (Miklowitz & Gitlin, 2014). Bipolar disorder is generally an episodic, lifelong illness with a variable course (American Psychiatric Association, 2010). There are two classifications of bipolar disorder; bipolar I disorder and bipolar II disorder. If the episodes are primarily manic but there has been at least one depressive episode, the diagnosis is bipolar I disorder (Early, 2009). If the episodes are primarily depressed but there has been at least one episode of hypomania, increased mood that is more euphoric than normal but not quite manic, the diagnosis is bipolar II disorder (Early, 2009).

Upon reviewing the literature review mentioned above, this writer was able to reach a conclusion, which is that regardless of the diagnosis of bipolar 1 or 2 in mania, hypomania, or depression the standard form of treatment must include a mood stabilizer. The typical mood stabilizer used is lithium. According to

There are two types of bipolar disorder, which are bipolar I and bipolar II. Bipolar I is when a person has had at least one manic episode in their life. Manic refers to a period when a person exhibits an elevated abnormal mood that can be associated with a higher level of energy. As a result this abnormal behavior can drastically disrupt a person’s life. Sometime during this period a person can suffer from episodes of depression that cannot be explained. Bipolar II is similar to bipolar I. The major difference between the disorders is that those that suffer from bipolar II is the moods cycle between high and low over time. An article in WebMD states, “However, in bipolar II disorder, the "up" moods never reach full-blown mania. The less-intense elevated moods in bipolar II disorder are called hypomanic episodes, or hypomania.” (http://www.webmd.com/bipolar-disorder/guide/bipolar-2-disorder) Hypomania is defined as a mild form of mania, marked by elation and hyperactivity.

Bipolar Disorder II (BPD-II) is a relatively new disorder, first appearing in the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders, 4th Edition (DSM-IV) as a separate condition to Bipolar Disorder I (BPD-I), which until then was deemed as being a personality style (Parker, 2015). BPD-II is more often than not described as being the “lite” version of BPD-I (Phelps, 2012) thought to have much less incapacitating effects on the individual however; its disease burden is comparable to that of BPD-I, if not worse (Merikangas & Lamers, 2011) Of all non-communicable diseases, Bipolar Disorder (BPD) is ranked in the top ten most debilitating with BPD-II prevalence ranging from 0.4% (World Health Organisation, 2008) to 1.2% (Bauer & Pfennig, 2005). Its suicide rates are amongst the highest of all mental disorders with the Rihmer & Pestality (1999) study indicating that suicide risk may be greater in BPD-II when compared to BP-I and Unipolar Depression (UPD) (12%), are more likely to use more lethal means and have greater numbers of completed suicides.

Lithium is a top choice for acute mania and for maintenance in ‘classic’ bipolar disorder. Because of its narrow therapeutic range, blood levels must be monitored; also heart and kidney function (EKG, blood and urine tests). Medications such as diuretics, that block its excretion require caution.