Black Spruce Research Paper

Fire has long been understood to have an impact on the ecosystem of our native woodlands, but it is only recently that we have come to understand its importance in maintaining the ecosystem. This report takes samples of the flora structure and growth in two different areas of Anstey Hill Recreation Park. The first was last burnt in 1995, and the second burnt in 2012. The results of these samples can be compared to data sampled in 2011, when the 2012 burnt area had not been burnt since Ash Wednesday in 1983.

The Appalachians span over a distance of 1,600 miles, ranging across 14 states, from Newfoundland in the North, to Alabama in the South. The Appalachians are the oldest chain of mountains on the North American continent. With forest, comes forest fires, some natural and some prescribed by humans. In order to reduce the calamitous damage caused by natural wildfires, the technique of prescribed fires is used. This is done by diminishing the amounts of trees, shrubs, and brush in the intended area. By doing this, new native plant growth is encouraged and it helps maintain some plant and animal species that depend on the periodic fires. With this man made force comes numerous effects on vegetation, wildlife, and the human impact.

Forests play a critical role in mitigating climate change because they act as a carbon sink soaking up carbon dioxide that would otherwise be free in the atmosphere and contribute to ongoing changes in climate patterns. Deforestation undermines this important carbon sink function. It is estimated that 15% of all greenhouse gas emissions are the

Birch trees are a very lovely addition to your yard, but they suffer from one of the most destructive of all pest infestations: the bronze birch borer. This pest causes life-threatening damage to birch trees across the nation. Understanding these creatures and how to treat them can help clean them out of your yard forever.

The Rim Fire of 2013 ravaged the slopes of the Stanislaus National Forest leaving many areas severely burned and unable to recover. Restoration efforts have been made and 56,000 saplings were planted in 2016 in the most severely burned areas; but the forest still has a long way to recovery. Fires are a naturally occurring hazard in the Stanislaus National Forest, and have contributed to the replenishment, control, and sustainability of the forest; but fires of the Rim Fire's intensity are very rare. The Rim Fire destroyed over 277,314 acres of habitat, harmed many mature trees, and ruined the layers of topsoil, and increased erosion and runoff. The devastation of the Rim Fire would not be have been so intense if it weren’t for past fire

Western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) has long been recognized as a major producer of timber along with providing habitat and browse for numerous animal species such as deer (Cervidae spp.) and elk (Cervus canadensis) (Packee 1990). Western hemlock is known to grow like a weed throughout most of its range which makes it an important species for esthetic backgrounds for many national parks in the United States and Canada. Western hemlock as a long range along the Pacific coast; extending along the Coastal Ranges from central California all the way up to the Kenai Peninsula in Alaska. This covers a distance around 2,000 miles making it a dominant species within British Columbia and in Alaska along the coastal zones. Western hemlock is also found inland occupying the upper eastern slopes of the Cascades in Oregon and Washington and has been found in the northern Rocky Mountains west of

The rising number of high severity wildfires in California has significant ecological, economic, and health impacts. Many western American forests are adapted to frequent low severity fires. However, the majority of these forests, and particularly the mixed conifer forests of California, are not adapted to high intensity fires and do not possess fire resistance adaptations such as serotinous cones to protect seeds. Consequently, high severity fires have significant negative impacts on California forests, and the absence of low severity fires has considerably altered many fundamental ecosystem processes (Miller et al. 2008). Prior to 1900, low severity fires would burn every 6-15 years. Low severity fires are generally non-lethal, have minimal change to the overstory, and kill mainly small trees. In the past, these fires were started naturally by lightning, or by Native Americans who used low severity fires to manage the forests.

The dry and warmer weather have been the cause of large forest fires across Canada’s Northwest Territories (David Suzuki foundation, n.d.) Northern parts are warming twice as much as those closer to the equator and therefore creating more widespread forest fires (Environment Canada, n.d.). The green house gases also play an important role in absorbing the heat from the earths surface, this being critical in maintaining the surface temperatures warmer then what the earth would normally be (David Suzuki foundation, n.d.). In addition to the warming temperature the natural green house gases also contribute to the water vapour, which is crucial in maintaining the cycling of

The name of my tribe is the Eastern Woodlands. The location of my tribe is in the Southeast portion of North America. The Eastern Woodlands have more than one tribe. Two of them were called the Mohawks and Huron. The Eastern Woodlands covered up the East Coast of North America from the Atlantic to the West of the Mississippi River. This is some of the information about my tribe called the Eastern

Aches and pains have become a general part of everyone's life these days. Whether you are a homemaker, a working professional, a computer specialist or a sports enthusiast in Blackwood, the risk of injury always hovers. These aches and shooting pains if not treated in time, can lead to a build-up of complicated musculo-skeletal and soft tissue problems. Physiotherapy can help heal these problems without the use of powerful medications which come with their own set of side effects.

Climate change is one of the most controversial topics of the century. Many scientists believe that the main cause of global climate change is human impact. Specifically, the expansion of the “greenhouse effect”. The burning of fossil fuels has increased the atmospheric carbon dioxide levels, causing the Earth’s temperature to gradually increase. This will eventually cause areas, like the Chippewa Forest, to lose all of its astonishing wildlife and plant life. The Chippewa Forest is a serene national forest located in northern Minnesota. It has eight different wetlands with distinct animal and plant species and it contains two of the largest lakes in Minnesota. Using direct data will provide an accurate indication about what will happen in

Humans have been changing the Western forests' fire system since the settlement by the Europeans and now we are experiencing the consequences of those changes. During the summer of 2002, 6.9 million acres of forests was burnt up in the West (Wildland Fires, 1). This figure is two times the ten year annual average, and it does not look like next summer will be any better (Wildfire Season, 1).

One of the dig problems on how global warming is affecting the earth is the impact on the trees like the true ecological kings of the jungle,

Forests have covered the earth for millions of years, providing habitat and food for animals and humans. These forests have stabilized different ecosystems and have continued the natural cycle that keeps plants and animals in check. The discovery of fire changed all of this. It was the beginning of deforestation, a process that has continued and increased over the last 200,000 years. Humans are the responsible party for the deforestation that has occurred. Humans discovered that animals could be driven with fire. This led to accelerated forest loss due to uncontrolled burning for hunting use (Miller & Tangley 1991: 28). Agriculture was the next problem

The discursive blank-verse meditation "Birches" does not center on a continuously encountered and revealing nature scene; rather, it builds a mosaic of thoughts from fragments of memory and fantasy. Its vividness and genial, bittersweet speculation help make it one of Frost's most popular poems, and because its shifts of metaphor and tone invite varying interpretation it has also received much critical discussion, not always admiring. The poem moves back and forth between two visual perspectives: birch trees as bent by boys' playful swinging and by ice storms, the thematic interweaving being somewhat puzzling. The birches bent "across the lines of straighter darker trees" subtly introduce the theme of