Black Women 's Attitudes Towards Abortion

During the times of slavery, black women were forcefully impregnated both in order to maintain the institution of slavery and as an economic incentive for white slave owners to control the reproductive lives of black women. A black woman’s child was considered the property of her slave owner from the moment of conception. This key feature in the institution of slavery gave whites the ultimate power of repression against blacks in America. Despite this fact, black women fought back. They took initiatives such as self-induced miscarriage in order to not bear a child. Unfortunately, these women were punished for taking such initiatives; however, they were reprimanded for the wrong reasons. As Robert demonstrates:

The abortion question raises a number of issues that form the core of the abortion debate. Opponents and supporters of abortions have been battling over this particular problem for decades and still cannot come to an agreement. Being one of the most common and most controversial medical procedures, abortion tends to affect people on psychological and sociological levels. But while the discussion of the morality of abortion is an ongoing debate, the social issues surrounding abortion in most cases stay unnoticed. The social aspect of the issue is centered on the abortion policy. The main question of the abortion policy is whether the law should permit abortions and, if so under what circumstances. The other is whether the law should put the life of an unborn child first and legally protect it. The peculiarity of the abortion policy is that its measures are highly dependent on different public opinions.

Public health researchers with the UC San Francisco group, Advancing New Standards in Reproductive Health, conducted a longitudinal study of 956 women who sought an abortion and were turned away. Diana Foster’s study reveals what happened to the women’s economic standing, health and relationship status after being denied their right. She claims that, “When a woman is denied the abortion she wants, she is statistically more likely to wind up unemployed, on public assistance, and below the poverty line” (Newitz). This is clear because one of the major factors in a woman’s decision to abort, is because of her awareness that she will not be able to financially support her child. One of a woman’s most formidable fears is to fail to adequately raise her child and provide him with his greatest odds to succeed. Naturally, a mother’s ultimate goal is for her children to have a better life than she did. This fuels the majority of people’s ambition and determination to obtain a comfortable and promising life style, to then pass on to their offspring. Women living in poverty seek abortions because they do not want to bring a child in a life of misery and suffering. The decision to terminate a pregnancy is not just blindly decided, all aspects of the mother’s and child’s life are considered. In fact, after initially being denied the right to abort, the survey demonstrates that 45% of the women were on public assistance (Newitz). However, Foster concludes, “a year later, they were far more likely to be on public assistance — 76% of the turnaways were on the dole…67% percent of the turnaways were below the poverty line” (Newitz). Therefore, it is evident that not allowing women to legally have abortions creates more strain on the state because of these mothers' increased dependence on social assistance programs.

Jones, R. K., & Kooistra, K. (2011). Abortion Incidence and Access to Services In the United States, 2008. Perspectives On Sexual & Reproductive Health, 43(1), 41-50. doi:10.1363/4304111

During the times of slavery, colored individuals were labeled as “other” in the United States. Black families were categorized as pathological, deviant, and in need of fixing. Black families struggled a lot. Poverty rates were sky high for single women who were the head of their household, especially for Black and Latino women. They were also the face of the homeless community, which was growing rapidly. The government then decided to implement marriage and fatherliness encouragements to ease poverty which resulted in societal problems surrounding the Black and Latino women.

In a time fraught with hot button issues, one that polarizes perhaps more than any other is that of abortion. Unfortunately, it is also an issue that is difficult to write about while remaining unbiased. Paul Stark’s “How Abortion Hurts Women” and Sarah Barnes’ “The Long Term Effects of Abortion on Women” both set out to prove that abortion has serious side effects on the affected party. Both Stark and Barnes cite several studies done in both America and abroad to support their claims, as well as, in Barnes case, offering their own insights on the matter. It seems that both authors purpose is to enlighten their audiences on the under-reported effects of abortion on women in order to spark a new conversation that doesn’t center around the unborn

In the US, black women are over three times more likely to die from maternally related complications than white women, and their babies are less likely to survive their first year (Oparah & Bonparte, 2015). Birthing Justice: Black Women, Pregnancy and Childbirth, edited by Julia Chineyere Oparah and Alicia D. Bonaparte tells the stories, experiences, oppression, and subjection of black women in the maternal health care system. Each chapter in the book explained a certain key point in the experience of black women and the health care system. In the following, I will discuss how the medical industrial complex or the introduction of medical treatments has not only stripped women of color, trans women, poor and immigrant women of their autonomy, but has sustained the hierarchy of patriarchy in the health system.

They also found that “the most sub common sub reason given was that the woman could not afford a baby now because she was unmarried (42%)” (SOURCE 8). Over time research has suggested that race and gender is a constant factor in attitudes towards abortion (SOURCE 19-26). Although early studies show that race was heavily influential, it has decreased throughout the

Racism has been a part of America for a very long time and one that has seeped into almost every part of American society. In fact, scientific studies and beliefs have, for a large part of the 20th century, been infused with an underlying racism that has tainted them. For instance, in the years from the 1880's to the mid 1940's, the African American fertility rate, or the rate at which African Americans were producing babies, sharply declined. This was the subject of a number of scientific inquiries at the time which Jessie M. Rodrique has severely criticized as being based on racial stereotypes and racist beliefs. In the article titled "The African American Community and the Birth-Control Movement," Rodrique argued that the decline in the fertility rate of African Americans at that time was not the result of ignorance and poverty in the African American community but instead was the result of an understanding and conscious acceptance of birth control as a means of personal and racial liberation.

In Killing the Black Body, Dorothy Roberts describes the history of African-American women and the dehumanizing attempts to control their reproductive lives. Beginning with slavery, to the early beginning of birth control policy, to the sterilization abuse of Black women during the 1960s and 1970s, continuing with the current campaign to inject Norplant and Depo-Provera along with welfare mothers, Roberts argues that the systematic, institutionalized denial of reproductive freedom has uniquely marked Black women’s history in America.

In conclusion, the authors research on pregnant African American women’s attitudes towards perinatal depression prevention (2013) may have open other avenues and reduce barriers and enhance the engagement in preventive intervention. The findings in this study sought out to explain why low-income African American pregnant women do not receive the same health care that other communities might. It answered questions like; do pregnant women refuse to take pharmacotherapy because they are afraid the baby will be harmed? Is their perception of certain approaches different from pregnant women of a different race or ethnicity? Or are these methods being hidden from the poor to be utilized only on the rich? When reading the critique of the article evaluated you were able to understand how well the authors analyzed each aspect by using qualitative and quantitative research and how it helped them find their results.

This is a research where the researchers are trying to find out how African American women think about perinatal depression prevention in comparison with African American women and white women. The researchers are also trying to figure out African American women are less likely to seek treatment for perinatal depression or to utilize any prevention methods. The researcher hypothesis is that if these women were giving information and different options to care they would seek treatment for preinatal depression either pharmacological or psychotherapy.

These strategies continue to undermine the choices that the Women of Color have in deciding whether or not they want to have children because they do not want to be stigmatized with poverty. Obviously, the adverse and psychological effects of the various interlocking forms of oppressions that limits Women of Color’s reproductive rights makes it very important to understand them.

Another issue that I have with this abortion theory is that it is being conducted as a total, complete whole of all people in the United States. In the 1970’s non-white females were at their peak of abortions. One would expect that the crime rate should be the lowest then in the 1990’s for non-whites, but in the years of 1993 and 1994 homicide was at its peak for young black male adults. Even though the statistics prove this to be true, Levitt and his partner of this theory, John

The industrialization of earlier eras pushed some into suburbs and many in the city into tenement housing. The groups had different views of the world and sometimes how they saw their place in it all. Although it seemed stereotypical that certain racial groups fitted into these environs, they developed an individual nature that effected how families were structured. The changes of thought in people during the 1960’s brought about pro-feminist and African American empowerment movements that had people realize that the American dream seemed to be a concept that was archaic and the society needed to mature, and the family structure changed too. Reliable and convenient contraception and the availability of safe and legal abortion permitted sex with minimal risk of childbearing and the concomitant long-term commitment to parenting (Lundberg and Pollack, 2007). Families were now groups of people who cared for one another, but weren’t necessarily married the social stigma of single parent families, divorcees and inter racial couples was seen as taboo. Social changes throughout the 1960’s and 70’s made the