Bladder Cancer Case Study

substances is one of the most clearly demonstrated links between environmental exposures and cancer. The good news is the bladder cancer is probably a completely preventable disease, if exposure to the carcinogenic substances is limited or eradicated.

Due to its physical characteristics (no odor, no color, and no flavor), arsenic exposure is often unnoticed, especially when ingested through drinking water. Therefore, the key to prevention of Dermatofibroma is understand the risk factors whether environment such as chronic arsenic exposure due to the ingestion of naturally-contaminated water, groundwater contamination due to leaching of arsenic from rocks and soil frequently results in concentrations above 50 mcg/L, which are associated with carcinogenesis in humans. Occupational exposure via inhalation of arsenic-containing vapors occurs during smelting, mining, refining, electroplating, and manufacturing of decorative-glass, pesticides, gallium arsenide computer microchips, and pressure-treated wood. Documented regions with natural groundwater arsenic contamination include Millard County, Utah; Lane County, Oregon; Lassen County, California; Fallon, Nevada; Fairbanks, Alaska; and New Hampshire, also persons living in the southwestern United States are at higher risk for being exposed to elevated levels of arsenic in drinking water. (Sarina B Elmariah MD PhD, Robert Anolik MD, Ruth F Walters MD, Karla Rosenman MD, Miriam K Pomeranz MD, Miguel R Sanchez MD, Dermatology Online Journal 14 (10): DOI: 10.1111/jdv.13092 24 19 July 2015, Invasive squamous-cell carcinoma and arsenical keratosis.). There currently is no concrete clinical-pathological evidence

While nitrates are one of the major contaminants in the area, San Joaquin Valley residents face drinking water pollution from many other sources including arsenic, coliform bacteria, and pesticides. Arsenic is a naturally occurring semi-metal element that is found in different types of rocks. While arsenic primarily occurs naturally, human activities impact the amount of arsenic in groundwater. Arsenic is not only toxic at high concentrations, but also harmful after prolonged exposure at moderately elevated levels. California recognizes arsenic as a human carcinogen and believes prolonged exposure to the element to be associated with various cancers, including skin, bladder, kidney, lung, and liver cancers. A study in Maine found a connection between water contaminated

This discrepancy may increase the risk of type I or type II errors that may have an impact on public health as well as may cause economic loss due to the estimated 24 hour delay in reporting results. A type I error is the incorrect rejection of a true null hypothesis or in other words, it leads one to believe that a supposed effect or relationship exists when, in fact, it doesn’t (Banerjee et al., 2009). An example of this in terms of water quality monitoring is prohibiting swimming unnecessarily or reporting a false positive result which may lead to economic loss at high bather density beaches. A type II error is the failure to reject a false null hypothesis or in other words, it leads one to believe that a supposed effect or relationship does not exist when, in fact, it does (Banerjee et al., 2009). An example of this in terms of water quality monitoring is allowing recreational swimming during elevated risk, or reporting a false positive result which may lead to an increased risk of recreational water-associated illnesses amongst bathers.

On the effect of Arsenic on Human Health: a comparison between Carson’s account and modern research

The laws regulating the tap water is 35 years old and is out of date. 35 years ago the country was a completely different place. The Safe Drinking Water Act only regulates 91 contaminants in the water that we drink, but there are more than 60,000 chemicals within the water that the people drink within the United States of America based on the information taken from the Environmental Protection Agency. According to an analysis taking by government records, both scientist and government have inspected thousands of cancer causing chemicals within the last decade, and the identified chemicals are affiliated with cancer and other harmful diseases within the drinking water. As bad as it sounds, not one of the chemicals has been added to the list of those regulated by the Safe Drinking Water Act since 2000. Other studies of shown that some of the law regulated chemicals are not as toxic as previously known. The problem is, that the standards for those toxic chemicals have not been updated since the 1980s and there still some unchanged laws that were passed in 1974. In 2004, more than 62 Million Americans have been exposed to drinking water that was below standard. An observation from the Times says that over nineteen million test results from the District of Columbia and the 45 states that made data available.

A community health assessment was performed for the Lansing Township community to analyze strengths and weaknesses in terms of health for the population in residence. Demographic data at the Township and County from the U.S. Census Bureau were analyzed to obtain an adequate representation of the community. Morbidity and mortality measurements and data were examined in order to accurately understand the health problems that this community needed to address. Walkability surveys were completed around two local schools so infrastructure and safety could be observed around the community. A food survey was completed at a local grocery store so as to investigate the

According to the medical report done by the University of Maine, the arsenic in hair and nails does not get extracted from the human body. This causes vomiting, stomach pain, bloody diarrhea, and may eventually lead to choke, coma, and death. Cancer can also result from arsenic poisoning for long periods of exposure.

Arsenic is one of the most toxic elements that can be found on Earth. Arsenic has a symbol of As and an atomic number of 33. It is a metalloid which gives it both metal and nonmetal characteristics. Arsenic has many allotropes, but the gray form is important for industry. The three main allotropes are metallic gray, black, and yellow. Gray arsenic is brittle and has a low hardness (based on the Moh’s hardness scale) yet a high density. Yellow arsenic is soft and waxy. It is least dense and most toxic. It is also transformed into gray arsenic by light. Black arsenic is brittle and glassy. It is a poor electrical conductor as well. Inorganic and organic compounds of arsenic are found in many places among the earth.

To avoid any ethical issues, all participants will be voluntary. Within this observational case control study since I will be observing subjects and the measure variables of interest without assigning treatment to the subjects, there will be limitations as well as advantages. I chose an observational case control study because of the advantages. The advantages will be that the study will be relatively inexpensive and I will have access to individuals in a real-life situation; and due to the large sample size, it will allow for a better representation of the population which limits the influence of factors that will skew my results. My large sample size will produce reliable results among variables that are significantly different, and a strong validity and an in depth understanding. Also, there will be lesser time needed to conduct the study due to the disease already occurring, permiting me to simultaneously look at multiple risk factors. Within my study, I chose to select African American men ages 21 to 60 years old in urban regions, excluding all other demographics because the risk of getting kidney stones is particular in African American men with low SES, and they have a higher susceptibility to alcohol consumption, smoking, and poor diet. The confounders

Source apportionment, distribution and mobilization of arsenic (As) in groundwater are hot topic that have received a significant attention among the scientific communities in the last two decades as a consequence of the human health risk associated with ingestion of As-containing water in the Ganges delta region (Welch and Stollenwerk 2003; Reza and Jean 2012; Joseph et al. 2015). Geochemical process of As in groundwater is increasing with time, which aggravates anxiety due to its toxic effects for the human. It is reported that 35 million of the residents in Bangladesh and West Bengal of India are exposed to the potential health risk of As poisoning (Chowdhury et al. 1999; BGS and DPHE 2001). High concentrations of As are mainly limited to sedimentary strata of Holocene age in Bangladesh and West Bengal of India (Bhattacharya et al. 1997; Ahmed et al. 2004). Unfortunately, most of the environmental problems associated with As are the results of mobilization from geogenic sources under natural reducing condition (Nickson 1998; Reza et al. 2013). Arsenic can be released into groundwater by reductive dissolution of Fe(III) oxy- hydroxides (Bhattacharya et al. 1997; Nickson et al. 2000; Harvey et al. 2002). Furthermore, several studies have stated that chemical fertilizers and organic wastes may enhance As into groundwater by ionic reaction with phosphorus resultant from fertilizers (Chowdhury et al. 1999; Anawar et al. 2006).

A study by___ found that one third of households who were drinking arsenic-contaminated water and had access to alternative, safe options did not use them (Inauen, 2013). This finding has two major implications: one, that changing behavior is more complex than just making people aware of a problem, and two, that many of the surveys done by governmental and non-governmental agencies over the years may have considerably underestimated the amount of people who are at risk of developing arsenicosis (Inauen, 2013).

Bladder cancer is the occurrence of malignant tumors in the bladder mucosa. It is the most common malignancy tumor of the urinary system, bladder cancer is also one of ten most common cancers in the human body, and is the 9th leading cause of cancer with 430,000 new cases, and 165,000 deaths occurring in 2012[1,2].

Arsenic contamination of groundwater has always been a major form of groundwater pollution which is mainly due to naturally occurring high concentrations of arsenic in the deeper levels of groundwater. Countries like Bangladesh, India, Thailand, Taiwan, mainland China, USA and around 60 more are affected by the arsenic poisoning of drinking water which poses a serious life threat to the lives of around 140 million people. Arsenic (At. No. 33) is known to be a dangerous toxin that can take lives if the intake is in large amts. Also it is carcinogenic causing cancer of bladder, skin, lungs, kidney etc. Water contaminated by arsenic typically contains arsenous acid and arsenic acid and their derivatives like As (III) and As (V). Arsenic acid tends to exist as the ions [HAsO4]2 and [H2AsO4]- . Arsenic Pentoxide is the inorganic compound having formula As2O5, which is highly unstable and more commonly found as As (III). Mainly these

Location of the water source was also associated with arsenic in the HH water sample. Water