Blood Glucose Regulation

6. What results would you expect if the experiment started with glucose and Lugol’s Solution

3. Explain what caused the change in plasma ketone concentration over the course of the experiment.

Plasma glucagon concentration was at its lowest during the fasting time period, at a concentration between about 1.6 -1.8.

Answer 1: Insulin and glucagon work together to keep glucose levels in the blood within the

Describe the significance of using 9 mM sodium chloride inside the cell and 6 mM potassium chloride outside the cell, instead of other concentration ratios. The reason for the use of 9mM of sodium chloride is because 3 ions are ejected for every 2 K that are added. K hangs outside the cell unless actively transport inside the cell.

A bag of glucose, starch, and water was placed in a beaker filled with water and IKI. After being allowed to set the glucose diffused into the beaker.

The body regulates the blood glucose levels by producing insulin. Insulin is a chemical messenger essential for the entry of glucose into a cell. When the pancreas fails to produce insulin that is sufficient to use, the level of glucose in the blood will remain high. If to much insulin is produced, or given through medication, the level of glucose in the blood will remain low. In type 2 diabetes the cells become resistant to insulin and ignore its message to be absorbed into the cells, this is known as insulin resistance. Insulin deficit results in decreased transportation of glucose from cells in the body, hyperglycemia then arises causing to much glucose to be present in the bloodstream (Gould and Dyer, 2011: 550). The pancreas is located

The negative feed back loop plays into affect with diabetes. As we know diabetics don't produce enough insulin to keep them energized. The negative feed back loop can show us where they don’t make enough insulin. The loop starts of with the intestine absorbing the glucose after a meal. As we all know glucose is sugar, the second step is the blood glucose level rises. Then the pancreas responds to high glucose level by secreting insulin. This step is not valid for most diabetics, they can't produce insulin so that’s why when they eat they inject themselves with insulin. To continue the cycle the insulin is traveling across to the liver and other tissues to take up glucose, which removes it from the bloodstream. The fifth and final step, blood

The surplus glucose continues to build up n the blood. This internal chaos in the body is informed to the outer body by different signs and symptoms. The foremost among them are

Every human body wants to maintain blood glucose (blood sugar) level in normal range (70-100mg/dl). After we eat, the stomach digest food breaking it down into type of sugar, called glucose. Furthermore, this glucose is released into the bloodstream (Figure 1). The rise of glucose level triggers the pancreas, one of the body’s organ, to release insulin, a hormone, it blood stream.

The body maintains blood glucose at first, by an increase in insulin levels to lower the blood glucose levels back to its optimum range (4-6mM (milli Moles per Litre) or set point (5mM (milli Moles per Litre) after a meal. The homeostatic system then starts secreting alpha cells in the pancreas to stimulate glucagon to break down stored glycogen and converting it to glucose in the liver to be used. 6 hours after having a meal the cells continues

eventually become insulin dependent due to the loss of pancreatic beta cells.3 Glycemic control is

Variations of blood glucose was observed against different treatments within the two different diet groups. The blood glucose measured with saline showed that the rat on the leaner diet had a higher spike of blood glucose levels after the initial injection. Over time the glucose levels equalize until the time point of an hour when it suddenly drops. After this point the blood glucose levels climb back to their equalized state. The rat on the higher fat diet experienced a higher initial blood glucose level after the injection of saline and then fell until the hour mark where it peaked only to fall to its equalized position at the two hour mark (figure).

2a) Blood glucose levels are controlled by the liver where glucose is produced and sent out through the body via blood. This glucose is used to produce energy in the form of ATP. When blood glucose levels are low, there is an insufficient amount of glucose available than what the body needs, so glucagon is released. This promotes the production of glucose through amino acids into Acetyl-CoA and then glucose. It is released into the bloodstream and blood glucose levels return back to normal. When blood glucose levels are high, insulin levels in the bloodstream also rise and this causes the synthesis of fructose-2-6-biphosphate. This molecule activates phosphofructokinase and inhibits fructose biphosphatase. Phosphofructokinase is responsible for catalyzing the breakdown of glucose to pyruvate while fructose biphosphatase is responsible for stopping the production of glucose.

Because Boris’s BMI value is over 34, which is in the obese region. In the beginning, the figure of the insulin level is higher than the normal level, which indicates Boris can secrete enough amount of insulin, but this kind of insulin cannot be identified by the target tissue and helps store the glucose. So glucose stay in the plasma, and pancreas continuously secretes insulin into the blood. Those are the reasons why his insulin level is keep increases and reaches the highest level in 2 hours after a meal, which is 424 pmol/ml. Moreover, his glucose level also rise to 16.1 mmol/l in the first 60 minutes. This is demonstrated that Boris has type 2 diabetes rather than type 1. Besides, some insulin and glucoses may be excreted within the urine