Blood Lead Level In Children

(Campbell, 2016). Two giants in childhood lead poisoning research and advocacy, Dr. Philip Landrigan and Dr. David Bellinger, summarize the adverse effects of lead very completely, yet succinctly: “Lead is a devastating poison. It damages children’s brains, erodes intelligence, diminishes creativity and the ability to weigh consequences and make good decisions, impairs language skills, shortens attention span, and predisposes to hyperactive and aggressive behavior. Lead exposure in early childhood is linked to later increased risk for dyslexia and school failure.”(p. 3).

If the United States does not start regulating more toys more frequently, then the number of hospital visits in children will see a dramatic increase because of the continued exposure to lead exposed toys. This is going to

Lead poisoning has been a concern for many years. In fact, because of the affects of lead poisoning, there has been an extensive decline in its use. "Many people believe lead poisoning is no longer a threat, yet millions of homes contain lead based paint" (Heck, J., 2005, para. 1). Exposure to lead at any level is unhealthy, especially in infants, children, and pregnant women and continues to be an ongoing dilemma in this country. I read two articles concerning lead poisoning; the first article is from FineTuning, a popular press and the second article is from Pediatrics, a peer-review journal. In this paper, I will clearly summarize each article by comparing the content of both articles. In addition, I will summarize the attention to

Potential lead contamination from drinking water presents a significant health risk. Recent examples of this lead contamination include Flint, Michigan, a city that experienced a large increase in the number of people, especially children, who exhibited symptoms of lead poisoning. A March 9, 2016 article in the Washington Post reported data from the Environmental Protection Agency that indicated approximately 350 schools and day-care centers across the US failed lead tests approximately 470 times between 2012 and 2015. Seven years ago, according to the Post, a study concluded that hundreds of young children in Washington, DC, had potentially damaging amounts of lead in their blood due to contamination in the city’s tap water. The toxin can cause permanent developmental and behavioral issues.

In consuming the water, the children, as of 2015, are consuming 3 times the amount of lead compared to 2013 (source)

The issue that I will be focusing on for my paper will the high lead poisoning rates in L.A. county children. As a mother, I am always worried about angers my kids are exposed too. I know the lead problem in L.A. doesn’t get as much attention, as say, Flint, but it doesn’t mean the problem does not exist. We also have

What are some of the effects of the crisis? For any adult, lead poisoning can cause kidney problems, fatigue, lethargy, depression, and slower reaction time. However, adults require a higher level of lead in the blood to produce those effects. For pregnant women lead poisoning can can cause miscarriages and future health problems in a developing fetus. What about children? For children, lead poisoning affects the development of children's brains and nervous systems.

At the age of just a year old, Reginald Cureton, a Detroit middle schooler, was just a year old, a blood test proved he had four times the level of lead in his blood that was concluded as lead poisoning. His parents were baffled and doctors said it would alter his brain development and hinder his skills as a child. Reginald's elementary school suggested numerous times that he repeat the third grade. This lead his parents to do test him for any mental stagnancies and he was diagnosed with ADHD. Now in middle school, Reginald and his family's fight against lead- exposure is continued and as strong as ever as they are taking extra precautions to reduce his lead exposure in any way possible (Lead-Exposure Problems Spotlighted in Detroit) . Unfortunately

Everyone is susceptible to the dangers of lead contamination; but children are especially at risk. High levels of lead in children can lead to brain and kidney damage and damage to red blood cells. Low levels of lead can also cause problems that are less life-threatening but can be just as devastating, like low IQ, hearing and language impairment, reduced attention span and poor school performance. In adults, exposure to lead can lead to an increased risk for high blood pressure. Pregnant women and their fetuses are extremely vulnerable to lead. In women, lead increases the risk of infertility and miscarriages; in fetuses, lead can cause low birth weight, premature birth and impaired mental and physical development.

Boston is one of the oldest cities in the United States, and 81% of homes were built prior to 1978 when lead paint was eliminated. The state requires lead screening for all infants and toddlers. In 2015, 82% of Boston children were tested; 2.7% of those tested had lead levels >5 μg/dL on screening tests, with 2.3% testing 5-9 and 0.36% testing >10 on confirmatory testing . In June 2016 Massachusetts DPH compared data on racial make-up by census tract and rate of elevated lead levels and concluded, “After adjusting for old housing stock, poverty, and English language isolation, race/ethnicity is a driving factor of lead exposure”. Despite laws supporting abatement, the DPH estimates that only 10% of older homes have been deleaded.2 Massachusetts has a Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program that helps families reduce exposure to prevent poisoning and detect elevated levels to facilitate treatment.

The amazing statistic that is offered by scorecard is that more than half of these are located in areas where people live below the poverty level. While ample information about Lead-based paint and lead-contaminated dust in older buildings are widely advertised and addressed and pose the biggest risk to the lead poisoning in children, there are other sources of lead exposure. Such as in contaminated air, water and soil as well as batteries, home renovations, auto repair shops, and improper storage and disposal of lead containing products

In the most extreme cases of lead poisoning, which were seen due to lack of testing, children exhibited

This specific portion of the population is exposed to multiple contaminants. Low-income communities face increased exposure to heavy metals, especially lead . Especially those of low SES who are of a minority is more likely to be exposed to lead. Lead exposure in this population is almost double that of more affluent white neighbourhoods. Not only is lead exposure more frequent, the levels of lead seen in children in low-income houses have been known to exceed safe limits. This is often a concern for children as lead exposure can increase the risk for many health complications later in life. Furthermore, nutrition can also play a role in one's exposure to lead. Poor nutrition can be affiliated with higher risks of lead toxicity. Children with poor nutrition, suffer from more side effects and complications of lead exposure. It can then be concluded that impoverished communities face greater risks of lead exposure and toxic lead levels. This correlation illustrates that those of low-income houses are a high-risk population for lead exposure in comparison to communities of higher income levels.

In the united states, Lead poisoning seems to be one of the most common and preventable environmental problem in children. When compared to the US borne children, Prevelance of this poisoing is 1.6%high in refugee kids.(2)

The authors made good use of the HBM theory as they were able to raise awareness in realtors who had little knowledge or different perceptions on lead prior to training. Researchers are working on finding solutions to keeping children’s blood lead levels down. Giving