Blood Transfusions And Its Effects On The Body

The market of human blood transfusions is broken down into different uses: Elective Surgery, Emergency Surgery and Trauma. However, Hemopure seems to be suitable only for trauma cases due to its characteristics and, again, high price. To understand the reason, it is important to notice that, actually, only 10% of the 500,000 trauma victims receives RBCs “in the field” or at the site of accident, and the remaining 95% of these people does not receive transfusions until they arrive at the hospital. This delay was often cited as a major factor to the 20,000 trauma deaths. Therefore, since the expected market share for Biopure is 25% and assuming that the total blood transfusions remain stable, the potential market size for Hemopure is approximately $350,000,000. This size is based on an average price of $700 multiplied by 2,000,000 units (around 4 blood units are needed for each Trauma case).

Because white blood cells in the body do not last very long because they will be constantly used up fighting his already present infections and because his body does not create these antibodies he will need these transfusion to place them back into his body.

Recently, the American Red Cross issued an “Urgent: Blood Appeal” to inform the community of

Bloodletting, known as phlebotomy in the medical world, imitates to some degree the violent blood loss of the European Vikings. As explained earlier, the loss of nutrition through bloodloss was balanced out by the mutation, hemochromatosis. Now, hemochromatic people do the opposite and balance high iron levels with bloodletting. The process of bloodletting can be done several ways, obviously much more differently and safer than in the past. The author of Survival of the Sickest, Dr. Sharon Maulem, chooses to donate blood on the regular to balance his iron levels, similar to his grandfather who was also

MT is defined as > 10 u RBC in 24 h, > 4 u RBC in 4 hours with additional anticipated need, or replacement of 50% total blood volume (TBV) in 3 hours1. Of patients admitted to a civilian level I trauma center, 1- 5% require a MT1,4. An increase in transfusion requirement is associated with increased mortality. Patients receiving 10 u RBC1. Current evidence for MT practice stems from the past 15 years of research from military trauma literature and has been widely accepted for use in civilian trauma, obstetric emergencies, and major surgery.

In Monterey, California, there is a private clinic. The private clinic allows patients to pay to have their veins pumped with blood plasma from teenagers and young adults. According to the entrepreneur that made this practice possible, most patients see improvements, within a month, from the one-time infusion. The entrepreneur, Jesse Karmazin, was inspired by a study done on mice, using a procedure called parabiosis. Parabiosis experiments have offered little clues into how Ambrosia’s one-time infusion will affect people. The University of California is examining how transfusion in patients with progressive supra nuclear palsy impacts them. A small company, Alkahest, tests transfusions of plasma from young people for the treatment of Alzheimer’s

The traditional process for transfusions has been widely acknowledged as a successful part of the medicinal process, but most people are unaware of the shortcomings of blood transfusions. For example, donated blood is only useful for a maximum of forty-two days of shelf-life, even with the use of nutritional additives. (Lowe 1) Although the demand for blood can be high at times, it is unpredictable how much will be needed or of what blood type. This means that a good amount of blood will inevitably have to be discarded without being used. An ideal blood substitute would have a long shelf life, so that it could be used without waste. The most current artificial bloods have a shelf life of about a year, about eight times traditional blood (Sakar). Another downfall of traditional transfusions is the struggle for compatibility and donor safety. Each donor and recipient match must be tested for blood type and by cross matching blood samples. Not enough people donate blood in the first place, and each person must be tested to make sure that they are disease free, or have not done anything risking their blood’s health in the past. Artificial blood would be a perfect match with all blood types and bodies, eliminating the need for the hassle of having to use donors altogether. (Nielson) An alternative to traditional blood would allow certain groups of people with religious restrictions, such as

Various disease states related to profusion and the multitude of systems effected by perfusion insufficiency.

The safety and efficacy of the blood products given to the sick, injured, or dying recipients is the driving force behind the decision making process of blood donor eligibility, including the decision to not allow men who have sex with men to donate blood due to the higher than average risk for this group of people of transmitting the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) during sexual activity.

Years later, I learned what my Grandfather meant by “bad blood”. As a kid, he had stepped on a nail, damaging his foot, piercing a vein, resulting in a massive loss of blood. He of course was rushed to a hospital and received a transfusion, replacing his lost blood. However, medical procedures were not to the high standards we see today. Anyone could donate blood, without tests being done, without figuring out if their blood was pure, infection free. We will never know if the person who donated the blood my grandfather received knew if they were sick. We will never know if they knew that they had Hepatitis. But hospitals didn’t check back then and perform tests, so my grandfather received that blood, helping him then in the moment, but the

Diplozoidae are economically important to Cyprinidae and a few Characidae by feeding on their blood and damaging their gill tissues (Kawatsu, 1978). Damage includes heamorrhages and ulceration of host epithelium, development of epithelial outgrowths and production of excessive amounts of mucus which can disturb the respiratory function of the gills (Erasmus and Chapman, 1972 and Ukoli, 1984) Heavy infection can lead to anemia in cases of those that are blood feeding (Kawatsu, 1978; Erasmus and Chapman 1972 and Chapman et al.,

A transfusion is a plain medical procedure that doctors use to make up for a loss of blood or any part of blood, corresponding to red blood cells or platelets. It’s usually not the whole blood; it could be any one of the components. Likewise in chemotherapy, it can affect how bone marrow makes new blood cells. So the treatment procedure of the cancer might need transfusion of platelets or maybe red blood cells. But others might need only some components of plasma. Like in the case of hemophilia, the disease affects the blood’s ability to clot. Precisely it needs some part of the plasma that has the factors in clotting, to help their blood clot and also to prevent internal bleeding (Rupal Christine Gupta, 2015).

Plasma, red blood cells, antigens, and antibodies are just some of the components of blood that have to be studied before matching a donor and recipient for a blood transfusion. Blood transfusion is a complex and long process that has a unique matching market of its own. In order to see if the blood is a safe match, technicians have to check for compatible blood types (the most preferable is type O), non-matching antigens, and finally cross-matching to see if the antibodies will attack the donor’s cells. All of this is done in a large market with blood from hundreds of thousands of donors. Due to the large number of options and room for the match to be ineffective or be rejected, there are numerous problems in this market. It is possible for there to be a mix up with the blood, or unknown factors could arise where the donor and recipient end up being a bad mix. There is an arduous, difficult process of making a match in this market, and this causes some problems that I will propose a few solutions for.

A blood transfusion is a procedure in which you receive donated blood, including plasma, platelets, and red blood cells, through an IV

A transfusion reaction is the body’s systemic response to the administration of blood. Causes for transfusion reactions can include red cell incompatibility; allergic response due to leukocytes, platelets, plasma protein components of transfused blood, or the anticoagulant (potassium or citrate preservatives) used to store the blood, just to name a few. Symptoms, prevention, and treatment will be discussed for the following transfusion reactions: Transfusion Associated Circulatory Overload (TACO), Transfusion-Related Acute Long Injury (TRALI), Hemolytic Transfusion Reactions, Anaphylaxis and Allergic Transfusion Reactions, and Febrile Transfusion Reactions.