Body Image Concern (BIC)

In a generation filled with entertainment and technology, there are many advertisements that exist. Advertisements, such as clothing advertisements, involve lots of touch ups on the model, making what the world sees, a fake reality of what human body look like. For some of the North American population, these advertisements do not affect them; they will look at the body of the model and not think much of it. But for those who suffer from Body Dysmorphic Disorder, this will affect them in a completely different way. Body Dysmorphic Disorder is “a body image disorder characterized by persistent and intrusive preoccupations with an imagined or slight defect in one’s appearance” (ADAA, 2014). The impact that advertisements can have on those suffering from Body Dysmorphic Disorder, can be crucial to their mental health. These individuals will begin to obsess over changing something about themselves that may not even be an imperfection about them. But since a model or someone else looks a certain way and they do not, they will do anything they can to change it, which can be very unhealthy. Those with Body Dysmorphic Disorder will perform different behaviours to attempt at hiding or improving their flaws (ADAA, 2014). Some of those who are suffering may even develop an eating disorder.

Body Dysmorphic Disorder (BDD), formerly known as dysmorphophobia, is characterized by a preoccupation of one or more perceived defects and or flaws in one’s physical appearance. These defects and or flaws are either not observable to others or appear slightly to other’s. This disorder is also characterized by repetitive behaviors and mental acts as a response to their beliefs on their personal appearance. These behaviors can include but are not limited to mirror checking, excessive grooming, skin picking, and comparing ones appearance to others. According to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (5th ed.; DSM–5; American Psychiatric Association, 2013), those with this disorder have concerns on their physical appearance

The Jelsone-Swain, Smith, & Baylis, (2012), research displays these conclusions provide innovative understandings into the perceptual discrepancies linked with hemineglect and this backups other effort that fabricates the fast denial account of non-awareness dispensation in visual hemispatial neglect.

This raises the question about gender difference and the concept of body image and prevalence of

According to the results, right-handed people are more likely to be leftward perceptual bias while the left-handed people are more likely to be rightward perceptual bias. Signifiying that right-handed people tend to choose the chimeric image in which the young qualities were demonstrated on the left side of the face compared to the left-handed individuals. Since the right hemisphere is more involved in making judgement of faces compared to the

Chronic dieting, low self-esteem, depression and, high levels of body dissatisfaction were among the major issues women face when addressing their body image (Gingras, Fitzpatrick, & McCargar, 2004). The severity of body image dissatisfaction have increased to such a dangerous state that it was added to the DSM-IV as a disorder now called body dysmorphic disorder (Suissa, 2008). One of the main reasons for the prevalence of these conditions in women was due to contemporary Western media, which serve as one of the major agent in enforcing an ultra-thin figure as the ideal for female beauty (Saraceni & Russell-Mayhew, 2007). These images and models presented by the media have become the epitome of beauty, pushing women who internalized these images to dangerous extent to attain these norms. According to evidence from previous studies, contemporary Western cultures have influenced women to an acquired normative state of discontent with their bodies, which have become the source of maladaptive eating practices, negative psychological outcomes, and, chronic health conditions associated with eating disorders (Snapp, Hensley-Choate, & Ryu, 2012). The seriousness of these body image conditions among youths and women have also led to congressional actions.

People now a days have a problem with the way they appear. For hundreds of years, people, especially females, have been concerned with their weight, the way they look, and the way people perceive them. In the article, Do You Have a Body Image Problem? author Dr. Katharine A. Phillips discusses the concerns with body dysmorphic disorder (BDD). Dr. Phillips uses her knowledge or ethics to discuss the effects that BDD has on people today. She also uses emotion to show the reader how people are seriously affected by this disorder. In Dr. Phillips article, she discusses how people are emotionally and socially affected by the body dysmorphic disorder, and how society is also affected by it.

It is possible that brains of HTN patients function differently (a different activity pattern in response to cognitive stimulus is observed) as a result of mechanisms aimed to compensate the condition's negative effects.

Prosopagnosia, also known as face blindness, is a form of visual agnosia characterized by an inability to recognize faces. Usually those with Prosopagnosia are able to see the features on a person 's appearance with little difficulty; however, it is the retention and synthetization of those images that challenges them. Many people also report deficits in other aspects of face processing, such as judging age or gender, recognizing certain emotional expressions, or following the direction of a person 's eye gaze. Currently, scientists have yet to come to a consensus on the actual cause of the disease, but many suspect it is linked to extensive damage of the occipital and temporal lobes. Presently, one speculation is that Prosopagnosia is connected to the fusiform gyrus, an area of the brain located on the inferior/median temporal lobe. As found by researchers, “the fusiform gyrus is thought to constitute a “core” visual representation system for faces, in part because they show face selectivity and face repetition suppression” (Furl, N., Garrido, L., Dolan, R. J., Driver, J., & Duchaine, B., 2011, 1723-1740). However, looking at recent fMRI studies, scientists are questioning whether these conditions and damages to the fusiform gyrus relate to face processing skills at all (Furl, N. et al, 2011). Due to this uncertainty another theory has evolved. As stated by Gainotti (2010, 763-766), “prosopagnosia is due to disruption of purely visual entities, the face

Kerwin, Hovav, Hellemann & Feusner (2014) have shown that BDD individuals have slower and less accurate global and local processing than controls and they have problems in performance with shifting attention between the different level of stimuli on the NAVON task (incongruent stimuli comprised of a large letter made up of smaller letters) and embedded figure task (determining which of three complex figures contains a simpler figure embedded within it). The findings show that controls may engage in bottom-up parallel processing of both global and local features and BDD patients would act according to top-down attentional shifts that operate slowly if impaired in global processing, in that, BDD patients use detail to detail scanning as perceptual strategy whereas the controls may have been operated based on fast global frame that allows details to be located more easily within it. These results contribute to a nascent body of research that provides explanation for preoccupation with details in appearance in that slower perceptual processing of local stimuli could lead to explicit attention to minor defects that could worsen and maintain BDD symptoms such as ruminations and preoccupation with imagined or slight flaws (Kerwin, Hovav, Hellemann & Feusner,2014).

A patient named D.F. suffered from this, and provided a great amount of support for Milner and Goodale’s theory. Although her low level visual functions such as target detection and colour discrimination were normal, her ability to recognize familiar faces and common objects was impaired. Yet when shown real objects rather than drawings, D.F. could recognize them. However, upon further examination of this ability it was found that D.F. was using surface properties such as colour, rather than the outline of the shape to identify the object (Humphrey et al 1994). What confirmed Milner and Goodale’s theory was that D.F. could grasp objects that she could not entirely perceive. Initial experiments by Milner et al (1991) highlighted this. In these D.F. was given a disc and had to perform either a perceptual orientation matching task or a visuomotor task. It was found that although she could not explain the orientation of the slot, her performance on the visuomotor task where she had to post the disc into the slot was typical. Milner and Goodale (1995) argued this was because D.F’s ventral stream was severely impaired, and the visuomotor skills she still had were due to an intact dorsal stream. This dissociation found between perception and action only increased the idea that the ventral and dorsal stream are independently working

The raw data were analyzed as the mean BOLD activations and their standard deviations (Figure 5). Data were analyzed in 2 (Age) X 4 (Stimuli), within-subjects analysis of variance (ANOVA). Data regarding the face and scrambled face conditions were analyzed using a 2 (age) X 2 (Face Stimuli and Scrambled Face Stimuli), within-subjects ANOVA. Data regarding only the multi-part and chain objects stimuli were then analyzed using a 2 (Age) X 2 (Multi-Part Object, Chain Object), within subjects ANOVA. Lastly, the relationship between the BOLD response to familiar objects in 4-month-olds and the BOLD response to faces at 4-month-olds were analyzed using a t-test.

The ability to generate category-related representations for a limitless collection of visual contents is a vital function of human brain (Chao et al., 1999). It is demonstrated that widely-distributed neural networks are engaged in the distinction of semantic categories, such as the ventral temporal cortex, which plays a significant role in face and object recognition (Chao et al., 1999; Haxby et al., 2000; Haxby et al., 2001; O'toole et al., 2005). Accumulating evidence has suggested that differential neural response patterns in human brain are closely associated with specific categories of visual stimuli (Haxby et al., 2000; Haxby et al., 2001; Kanwisher et al., 1997). However, it remains unclear how the functional

Developmental Prosopagnosia is when an individual can’t acquire the certain processes for facial recognition. More recent neurocognitive models of face processing also distinguish between face recognition processes involved in the visual analysis of faces, and those involved in facial familiarity (Dalyrmple, Garrido & Duchaine, 2014). In understanding Prosopagnosia, one must first understand the