Body-Kinesthetics

Ever since Spearman proposed the intelligence theory with G factor, there were several other intelligence theories proposed in response or as an alternative to Spearman’s. Among those, Sternberg’s Triarchic Theory of Intelligence and Gardner’s Multiple Intelligence Theory would be the most influential ones as they are widely accepted and used in real life. Both of the theories share a critical view towards the unitary perspective which is the traditional definition of intelligence. However, the two theories differ in which they don’t agree with what factors should be the measures of intelligence, as well as the emphasis of the two theories.

Howard Gardner has came up with seven clear intelligences Visual-Spatial, Bodily-kinesthetic, Musical, Interpersonal, Intrapersonal, Linguistic, and Logical-Mathematical that outline individual's strengths and are designed based on different tasks, problem solving, and progress in various types of domains. According to Gardner's theory "we are all able to know the world through language, logical-mathematical analysis, spatial representation, musical thinking, the use of the body to solve problems or to make things, an understanding of other individuals, and an understanding of ourselves”(Lane , C. (n.d.). Multiple Intelligences). Visual-Spatial in Gardner's theory is when a person is taught how to remember things through drawings and verbal and physical imagery. Bodily-kinesthetic is used when a person uses communication through there body language, like role playing, hands on learning,

In “A Rounded Version: The Theory of Multiple Intelligences”, Howard Gardner illustrates how there are a variety of intelligences. Gardner starts off with an example how IQ tests may predict achievement in school but may not predict achievement in life. After finding out certain parts of the brain are responsible for certain functions, such as “Broca’s Area” which is responsible for sentence production, Gardner proposes the existence of multiple intelligences. Multiple studies later led him to propose seven distinct intelligences; Musical, bodily-kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, linguistic, spatial, interpersonal, and intrapersonal. Each intelligence has certain classifications. According to Gardner’s classifications, I realized my intelligences are bodily-kinesthetic, logical-mathematical, and intrapersonal.

Gardner examined many subjects to decide upon the seven intelligences in his Multiple theories of Intelligence. Gardner finally concluded that intelligent behavior does not come from one single quality of the mind. He believed that different intelligences are generated from different metaphorical pools of mental energy, and that these pools enable people to solve problems or create products that are valued within one or more cultural settings. He came up with this concept from his experiences working with members of different populations where certain cognitive abilities are apparent even in the absence of basic abilities. For example, when an autistic person is a genius at math and lacks the ability to tie his shoes.

     A renowned professor of education and psychology at Harvard University, Howard Gardner has radically changed the way we look at intelligence. In 1983 Gardner published the first of two books that theorize that there are multiple intelligences. Gardner believes “that human cognitive competence is better described in terms of a set of abilities, talents, or mental skills, which we call “intelligence” (378). Gardner’s theory dismisses the idea that intelligence is a single attribute of the mind and suggests that there are different types of intelligences that account for different human

Traditionally, people have defined someone who is intelligent as an individual who can solve problems, use logic to answer questions, and think critically. But psychologist Howard Gardner has a much broader definition of intelligence. Compare the traditional idea about intelligence with Gardner's. How have his ideas changed the way we assess the strengths and weaknesses of people?

Charles Spearman’s theory (1904) also takes the psychometric approach that there is a general intelligence. Spearman maintains that intelligence is hereditary and an individual is born with their maximum mental ability. This suggests that intelligence cannot be changed or strengthened. The concept of ‘general intelligence’ suggests that an individual has an underlying intelligence, in which their performance in one type of cognitive task is often similar to their performance in another (Boundless 2013). Spearman demonstrated this through the correlations between tests, where individuals who performed well in one test, often performed well in others. This led Spearman to the conclusion that intelligence is defined as a single factor. However, critics refute Spearman’s conclusions, as they argue that one cannot reduce all factors of intelligence to an indefinable “g” (Neisser et al. 1996).

Howard Gardner, the father of such a theory encour-ages educators to feel free to apply the theory and use it in the ESL and EFL environment.” 1 In his book “Frames of Mind” (New York, 1983, Basic Books) he proposed that intelligence falls into eight different areas.2 “My True Intelligence”3 is a quiz based on Gardner’s theory de-signed to find out where a student’s intelligence lies.

Their intellectual abilities can be having a strong vocabulary. They can understand a big word like comprehension. "Researchers now recognize that one test can't accurately measure the wide range of intellectual abilities". Sometimes I try to say big words but had no idea what they meant.

Howard Gardner was a Professor of Cognition and Education at the Harvard Graduate School of Education for almost thirty years as a codirector of Harvard’s Project Zero program. (Jacobus 619) The program was dedicated to improving education in school. While Gardner was determined to improve education, he earned many awards and recognition along the way. Some of the awards he earned were MacArthur Foundation Award in 1981 and Grawemeyer Award in Education in 1991 but his most recognized work was the Theory of Multiple Intelligence. In this theory he objects to the idea that we can measure intelligence with a standardized test. Gardner is more interested in the mastery of thinking and less of the mastery of tests. (Jacobus 620) He believes that

For Gardner, it is not a unitary whole that groups different specific capacities, but a net work of autonomous, relatively interrelated groups. For Howard Gardner, intelligence is a biopsychological information potential that can be activated in one or more cultural frameworks to solve problems or create product that have value for such frames

Musical intelligence refers to a person that has ability to recognize , learn, and , perform, music ("Theories of Intelligence," n.d.). To encourage musical intelligence in the classroom, I would sing songs such as “twinkle little star” and offer musical instrument such as maracas to the children, this will help them learn new words and rhythms. Also this will help them with Musical because they would be able to recognize the music pitches, rhythms, and tones(Benson,2016)

Perception is not the cognitive process for everybody in understand information about the environment , either through sight , hearing , comprehensio of motion , feeling , and olfactory .The key to understanding perception is located on the introduction of that the perception is a unique interpretation of the situation , rather than a recording wrongly of the situation. A kinesthetic perceptionconnect directly with how an individual conduct a movement in automation. A kinesthetic perception is capability moving part of body or the whole body in doing motion muscles referring to the senses the muscles. Futhermore, Anxiety or fear is often experienced by everyone. Anxiety may arise in a different circumstances, for example start games , the

This is the intelligence that allows one to be able to detect, deduct, and think through patterns, numbers, and rational thought. People with high intelligence in this area are able to work with symbols, numbers, as well as be able to reasonably work through situations with facts well. An example for this intelligence is the ability to deduce probable causes for a malfunctioning technological unit through the process of abstraction unlikely causes to lead to a likely resultant.

The approach of assorted intelligences challenges the acceptable appearance of the word as a unit accommodation that can be abundantly abstinent by IQ tests. Rather, Howard Gardner defines intelligence as an adeptness to break problems or actualize articles that are admired in at atomic one culture. Gardner use eight different capacity could be considered a knowledge: 1) Potential of detachment by cerebrum harm; 2) existence of savants, prodigies, Associate in Nursing alternative exceptional individuals; 3) an classifiable core operation or set of operations; 4) support from experimental mental tasks; 5) support from psychology findings; 6) a particular developmental history with a determinable set of skilled “end-state” performances; 7) organic process plausibility; 8) status to cryptography in a very image system. When he presented the theory in Frames of Mind, Howard Gardner suggested that each mortal is intelligent. Core operations square measure among the eight criteria he uses to judge one or another candidate intelligence.