Body Modifications Are An Example Of External Cues

Have you ever made a first impression about a person, but when you actually talk to or learn about the person you found out that what you thought, was completely wrong? Humans are always making assumptions based off what they see at that very moment. For instants, an athlete makes an error and a coach judge them for that error , yet that athlete is just having a bad day. Another would be someone meeting a person for the first time, and the way they act around you, makes you have a first impression of them. Not everyone that you meet, will be the same or have the same thought as you, nor will they always make a great first impression. It’s the little bit of time you spend with the person that you find out they’re different from what you was thinking. First Impressions can be very deceiving as shown in various British Literature pieces such as “Beowulf”, “Pride and Prejudice” and “Sir Gawain and the Green Knight”.

How first impressions are formed has been a subject of interest by many researchers in the area of psychology.

The mean age of the participants was 19.3 which means our sample was very close to the average age of college students. The standard deviation between participants was .955, the minimum age was 18 years old and the maximum was 22 years old. 3 out of the 102 participants age were missing from the data. The question responses were used to find the standard deviation and mean for the Big Five personality trait score. The Big Five personality traits are extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experiences. The response scales for these were from a 1 to 7, with a range of 6. The higher the response score the more the participant agreed with the statement and the lower the score less the participant

Chapter five “Personality and Values” In this chapter I learned about the Big Five personality traits; extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, emotional stability, and openness to experience.

Is the first impression of a person always right? In the past, I thought impressions were correct almost one-hundred percent of the time, but then, I realized that a person can easily be misjudged. For example, the first time I came into your classroom, I expected you to be like the majority of coaches, dull and non-exciting. But in reality, you are actually a very lively coach that loves to interact with the students. For this reason, I think that first impressions of people can be right, but most of the time one really does not know a person until they have talked and bonded with them for a while. In my opinion, I think that people can easily be misjudged because of their physical features, such as the way the look or how the dress, the people they hang out with, or that person may just be having a bad day.

Other core personality variables that are present at birth and innate to human beings. To better understand the biological and genetic factors that affect personality one must consider how prominent researchers define personality. According to Joshua Wilt and William Revelle (2015), personality is “the coherent pattern of affect, cognition, and desires (goals) as they lead to behavior” (p. 479). Correspondingly, the most prevalent personality framework is the “Big Five,” or the five-factor model of personality developed by McCrae and Costa who specifically assume that traits are biologically based, inherent tendencies that persistently influence thoughts, feelings, and behaviors throughout life (Broderick, & Blewitt, 2015). The five traits are as follows: (1) Extraversion which has the characteristics of being outgoing, enthusiastic, active, talkative, and assertive. (2) Agreeableness which has the characteristics of being warm, forgiving, sympathetic, kind, affectionate, generous, and compliant. (3) Conscientiousness which has the characteristics of being organized, reliable, careful, responsible, self-controlled, and efficient. (4) Neuroticism which has the characteristics of being tense, sensitive, moody, anxious, self-pitying, and self-conscious. (5) Openness to Experience which has the characteristics of being insightful, imaginative, artistic, curious, having wide-ranging interests, and a positive orientation to learning.

The mean values for the Big Five traits were respectively close, such as 26.41 and 34.99; this suggested the reliability were adequate and consistent throughout all three samples. For the two-month re-test study results, showed reliability and scores were similar in the two independent subsamples. The convergent validity coefficients were substantial and significant and exceeded the discriminant validity. This suggests that an adequate convergent and discriminant validity of the Big Five. When participant’s age and gender were held constant, the Big Five were associated with school performances. Therefore, supported the hypothesis of the high students and suggested predictive validity. Overall, the results support the reliability and validity of the Big Five and can be useful in assessing personality traits in adults and adolescents

The Big Five originated in the 1970’s by two independent research teams. They surveyed thousands of people, asking hundreds of questions, and analyzed the data with a statistical factor analysis. The Big Five Personality traits are the best description of personality traits today, even though its usefulness is highly debated (Feldman, 2015). The Big Five approach contends that there are five factors that lie at the core of personality (Feldman, 2015). The Five factors are openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness and neuroticism. These traits appear to exist consistently throughout cultures (Feldman, 2015). The Five Factor Model of personality is even linked to the way in which the brain processes information (Feldman, 2015). This model is regarded as the best test to identify personality traits, and its usage has proven successful in large populations including those with age and cultural differences.

Gosling, S. D., Rentfrow, P. J., & Swann, W. B., Jr. (2003). A Very Brief Measure of the Big Five Personality Domains. Journal of Research in Personality, 37, 504-528. In this study, Gosling, Rentfrow, and Swann evaluate new 5 and 10-item measures of the Big Five. There were two studies conducted where in Study 1, two samples were measured using both the new five-tem instrument and the BFI which is the Big-Five instrument. They used 1704 undergraduate students who were examined on convergent and discrimination validity. They also managed a battery of other instruments in order to compare the pattern of external correlates of the 5-item instrument with the pattern of external correlates of the BFI. A separation of 118 participants were assessed again

The Big Five Inventory (BFI) assessment is a self-report, 44-item inventory that aims to measure five personality factors in order to learn about an individual’s personality. The five factors being measured are, extraversion, agreeableness, conscientiousness, neuroticism, and openness. This test uses the S-data approach, as well as the qualitative and quantitative methods. As the results from the Spanish and English BFI assessment are compared, the reliability, validity, and generalizability are analyzed in order to see how effective they are. The results provide an insight on one’s personality in each of the five categories. The findings concluded low reliability,

"Individuals are often confronted with situations in which they only have very little information about the persons they have to interact with; to handle such situations, have been shown to spontaneously form first impressions in an extremely fast manner" (Walker & Vetter, 2016, p. 609). Personality allows an individual to obtain a specific amount of information about the person as a whole. Within this paper, one will discuss each trait originated under the five factor model, extraversion, neuroticism, openness, agreeableness, and conscientiousness. One will also discuss the traits that are possessed when scores from a personality test are revealed.

From the beginning of one’s life, people interact with one another, immediately creating new relationships. The type of relationships humans develop is determined by an individual’s personality. Based upon the Big Five Factor Model, there are five broad personality traits to describe humans (Costa, 1992). The Big Five traits are openness to experience, conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism (Matthews, Deary, & Whiteman, 2003). This five-factor model has been the basis of many studies within the field of psychology. Previous research has examined gender differences in the Big Five personality traits in fifty-five nations (Schmidt, Realo, Voracek, & Allik, 2008). Schmidt, Realo, Voracek, and Allik (2008) found that across the fifty-five nations there was no significance in average. They found that women reported higher in average conscientiousness, extraversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism than

The study was conducted using the IPIP measure scales; (Extraversion, Neuroticism, Openness, Agreeableness & Conscientiousness), (Goldberg, 1999) and the Big Five Factor Model which measure the personality factors of the Big Five (Costa & McCrae, 1992). The four goals of Psychology was taken into consideration using the 25-item translated questionnaire with a 5 point Likert scale.

Up until the 1980’s, measurements, interpretations and descriptions of personality were not entirely structured or simple, though around this time researchers within the field of psychology came to an agreement that personality actually can be simplified. Now the plurality of researchers believe that personality can be summarized into five dominate traits, being extraversion, neuroticism, openness to experience, agreeableness and conscientiousness, all constituting the Five Factor Model. However, before a consensus flourished among researchers and they began to rely on the Five Factor Model, personality psychologists Paul Costa and Robert McCrae developed the NEO-Personality Inventory which features and focuses on the stated five traits. Today, descriptions of the traits represented by the Five Factor Model vary only slightly when it comes to researchers, yet and luckily, factor analytic techniques, which are in contrast to mathematical procedures, continue to support the conviction that the Five Factor Model is scrupulous.

Raymond Cattell (1905-present) designed the “Big five Factors of Personality”, in which five classifications are revealed. Big Five factors: #1 extraversion vs. introversion, #2 agreeableness vs. antagonism, #3 conscientiousness vs. undirected ness, #4 neuroticism vs. emotional stability, and #5 openness to experience vs. not open to experience. Han’s Eysenck’s and Sir Francis Galton behavior genetics research and Arnold Buss’ three concerns for evolutionary personality theory coinsided with each other.