Body Systems of Humans, Crayfish, Pigs, and Earthworms

The integumentary system can be broken down into three main categories the Epidermis, Dermis, and Subcutaneous layer each of which contain certain specialized skin derivatives including hair, nails, and several kinds of glands.

The Circulatory System is one of the most important systems in the body. A Daphnia has an open circulatory system. This means that they pump hemolymph through the body cavity. An open circulatory system is not as efficient as a closed circulatory system but it is perfectly adequate for ectotherms like a Daphnia.

have a variety of systems due to the complexity of the species' organism. The human body

The integumentary system also known as skin; surrounds the entire human body therefore being the largest organ. The skin and its annexes like hair, sweat glands, sebaceous glands, nails, etc. The main functions of the integumentary system is to function as a protective barrier, that keeps our body free from intrusion of foreign materials, microorganisms and prevents dehydration as well as protecting from desiccation and there are other functions also helps in elimination of waste products and in the regulation of our body tempeture. There are many other functions of the integumentary system and each organ involved in this system has its own particular use

First of all, the human body, crayfish, earthworm, and frog all have many similarities and differenced about how their digestive system works. They all eat their food through their mouths and the food then travels into the esophagus. The esophagus prepares the food for further digestion. The food in the esophagus then travels in the frog, crayfish, and human body’s stomach. The earthworm doesn’t have a stomach, but it has a crop that serves as a storage stomach. Once the food is in the stomach, something different happens for each organism. The food in the crayfish travels to the digestive gland which produces digestive substances and from which the absorption of nutrients occurs. The same thing occurs in a frog and the human body, but instead of a digestive gland it is moved into a small intestine. In the earthworm, the food goes from the stomach to the gizzard, which uses stones that the earthworm eats to grind the food completely. After it is moved into the digestive gland, small intestine, or gizzard, the food is mostly digested. The earthworm and human body’s food is now moved into the larger intestine, where it absorbs water and any remaining nutrients. The frogs food is stored in something like a large intestine, but it is called the gallbladder. The crayfish only has on intestine. After going through all this, the undigested material leaves through the anus, or for a frog, it is called the cloaca.

Some of the similarities that are between both is that the digestive system is some what similar to the human digestive system. How that works is all the food goes down in the mouth first and then goes to the Crop, in which is the stomach of the worm. It stores there for a bit until it goes to the Gizzard in which that would break down the nutrients that the worm needs in its body. In which the waste will soon leave out of the body for both of them. They also have pharynx in which is part of the throat and the esophagus in which is the part that carries the food to the stomach.

The digestive system of a pig is classified as monogastric or non-ruminant, which is having a stomach with only a single compartment, like humans. In addition, the digestive tract of the pig has five main parts, including the mouth, esophagus, stomach, and small and large intestines. Furthermore, the mechanical breakdown of the food begins upon the entrance of the mouth in the digestive tract. Basically, the food is grinded into smaller pieces by its teeth. Next, saliva is produced in the mouth, acting to moisten the small food particles, along with an enzyme that starts the digestion of the starch. Then, the food is pushed towards the esophagus with the help of the tongue. Primarily, the esophagus carries the food from the mouth to the stomach, being a tube, which is carried out with the help of a series of muscle contractions that push the food towards the stomach. Subsequently, after the first of the contractions, swallowing, has taken place, the cardiac valve, located at the end of the esophagus, prevents food from passing from the stomach back to the esophagus. Likewise, the stomach comes next in the digestive tract; it serves as a reaction chamber, adding chemicals to the food. Also, hydrochloric acid and enzymes help break down food into small particles of carbohydrates, protein, and fats. Additionally, some particles are absorbed into the bloodstream, from the stomach, while others cannot be absorbed by the stomach, being passed to the small intestine through the pyloric valve. Moreover, the small intestine aids

a circulatory system which facilitates the exchange of materials for all but the simplest animals

The digestive and excretory systems help the body with the wonderful task of food. The digestive system is composed of the stomach, mouth, liver, pancreas, and the large and small intestine. It digests food and provides the

Crayfish: In our dissection of the crayfish we found that it used gills instead of lungs, like the clam. Its gills allow an exchange of carbon dioxide for oxygen. Much like the worm, the crayfish has segments that split its body into several parts. Crayfish segments often become fused, so parts of the crayfish may be multiple parts. Much like a skeleton the crayfish has a hard exoskeleton. The structures it uses to capture its prey or securing and eating food are its chelipeds, mandibles, maxillae, and maxillipeds. Rows of chitinous teeth line its stomach to help further break down its food.

All 5 species have a working-normal digestive system. Although the frog, earthworm, fetal pig, and human all have an intestine. The starfish is not much alike. It has a stomach that pushes through the mouth of the starfish and uses the digestive juices to breakdown and eat food.

The skin belongs to the Integumentary system. The Integumentary system is an organ system consisting of the skin, hair, nails, and exocrine glands. The skin is the largest organ in the body. Its main duty is to protect the body. It also has to retain body fluids, protect against disease, and control the body temperature.

Meanwhile, the salivary glands in your mouth are producing saliva, lubricating the food so it can make it’s way down your esophagus and into your stomach. Saliva contains enzymes, substances that make chemical reactions faster and that breaks down large starch molecules into smaller molecules of sugar. The first step of digestion is complete. Once your food gets to your stomach, the stomach starts to furtherly digest your food. Food in the stomach is digested chemically, with chief and parietal cells. Chief cells produce pepsin, which breaks down protein. Parietal cells produce hydrochloric acid (HCI). These cells and their products help to chemically break down food in the stomach. Once food has been mechanically and chemically digested, the food goes into the small intestine duodenum, which  is the upper section of the small intestine. Attached to the duodenum is the pancreas and gallbladder. The pancreas is an organ that produces a variety of digestive enzymes, and the gallbladder is a storage sac that holds the bile produced in the liver. Bile is a chemical that breaks down fat droplets. The duodenum is also the organ that allows nutrients and water to pass through its walls. After completing its rounds in the duodenum, your digested food makes its way down into the small intestine, and then the large intestine. Villi in the small intestines absorbs nutrients into the bloodstream. The large intestine

Body Organization and the Integumentary, Skeletal, and Muscular Systems Worksheet Organ Systems Label each of the structures, and describe the systems overall structure. NumberSystemCharacteristics 1Integumentary systemProtects underlying tissues. Provides skin sensation. Helps regulate body temperature. Synthesizes vitamin D.2Skeletal systemAttachment for muscles. Protects organs. Stores calcium and phosphorus. Produces blood cells.3Respiratory systemExchanges respiratory gases with the environment.4Nervous systemRegulates and integrates body functions via neurons.5Endocrine systemRegulates and integrates body functions via hormones.6Cardiovascular systemTransports nutrients, respiratory gases, wastes, and heat. Transports immune cells

The digestive system consists of a group of organs which help in the ingestion, breakdown, digestion, absorption, and egestion (excretion) of the food. These organs make up the Digestive Tract and the Accessory Structures that lie outside the tract but are connected to it through tubes or ducts.