Body Wall Tendons Research

A tendon is a tough group of fibrous connective tissue that can with stand a lot of tension. Tendons are similar to ligaments; however, they connect muscles to bones. It is the tendon which pulls on the bone when a muscle contracts.

Mr. Krupp had the repair to the torn bicep tendon on 6/30/17. He reported that he was given a cold compression device and that really helped with the pain. On 7/10/17 I met him at the MSU sport medicine clinic. We met with Dr. Supinanski. The sutures were removed to the left inner aspect of the arm. There are no signs of infection. Mr. Krupp said he has not taken any pain medications for days. Instructions are no lifting with the left hand of a pound or more. He will start physical therapy now. At the next appointment Dr. Scorfar will address the left shoulder. At this point, no repair to the left shoulder can be done, we need to let the bicep tendon heal

Tendonitis is a disease of the tendon being inflamed, commonly from overuse of the tendon, however, the pain can be from an infection or rheumatic disease. It could lead to rupturing the tendon and causing severe damage that will result in surgical repair.

Achilles’ Tendon is the name of a bone in the back of the human leg, and its name comes from the only part of Achilles’ body that was a weak spot.

They include keratin found in hair and nails, and collagen found in connective tissue. Collagen under a microscope look like long fibres that are woven together to create extra strength, it is a fibrous protein. Collagen is made up of three polypeptide chains wound around each other. Hydrogen bonds forms between the chains and this gives the structure strength.The collagen account for around a quarter of all proteins in the body. The function of collagen is to give mechanical strength. In the walls of arteries, a layer of collagen prevents blood that is being pumped from the heart at high pressure from bursting the walls. Tendons connect skeletal muscles to the bones. Tendons are mostly collagen and form a strong connection that allows muscles to pull bones for movement. Collagen is also responsible for the elasticity of the skin, which is why the skin becomes wrinkled when it lacks collagen . It also makes the skin waterproof. The functions of collagen in the connective tissue include nutrient transport and inflammation.

occur when mode, intensity, or duration of physical activity or athletic training changes in some way.

These cells are extended fibrocytes and fibroblasts lying between the collagen fibers. They form the tendons by making a complex system of primary, secondary and tertiary fiber bundles. The soluble molecules of tropocollagen link with insoluble collagen molecules to form microfibrils. These microfibrils are later turned into collagen fibrils. The basic unit of tendon is made up of collagen a fiber which is formed by bunch of collagen fibrils. Endotendon, a connective tissue sheath, helps to bind these collagen fibers

carolinensis is such a popular animal model that many research articles have been published around the experimentation. Elizabeth Hutchins (2014) focused on the regenerative abilities found in the lizard’s tail and the cells that worked specifically during the process. The study used a variety of experimental methods to collect data including; applying pressure to their tails until they were released, this site of release was sampled and analysed with RNA sequencing, immunohistochemistry, etc. to isolate different cells, and therefore regenerative processes.4 Ultimately, the regenerative tail of A. carolinensis showed a multitude of genes being activated that are specific to wound healing and musculoskeletal development pathways.4 Skeletal and cartilage growth occurred along the entire length of the tail and there was no localised bundle of proliferative cells, alongside a highly vascular distal end;4 all different mechanisms to the localised, distally avascular mechanism found in anamniotic vertebrates.4 This stem and progenitor cell based process is therefore quite different to the previously studied ‘blastema-based model’ of regeneration in the commonly studied anamniotes: zebrafish and salamanders, providing insight into application to further medical regenerative possibilities in humans.4 Using A. carolinensis provided a prominent advantage to the study due to the previously highly developed genetic knowledge, ease of replenishing populations, and habitual

Tendons connect muscle to bone, and Ligaments connect bone to bone. They help each other for mobility, muscles are connected to bones so you can move it.

Tendonitis is caused from a repeated strain on the tendon causing it to become painfully inflamed and swollen, which is a type of attachment of a muscle to the bone. Tendons are similar to ligaments that attach bone to bone. It then causes difficulty and pain with movement involving the muscle the tendon is attached to. Tendons typically take much longer to heal because of the poor blood supply it gets. Tendons are made up of fascia which is a tight sheath of connective tissue that contains collagen fibers as well as white and yellow fibers that are inelastic strands to provide the strength of the tendon because of the few elastic fibers is contains. A tendons job is to transmit movement from the muscle to bone resulting in motion through

form out from the bone where tendons and ligaments attach and where adjacent bones articulate.

If there was a lack of apoptosis in organisms that need digit individualization, the regions will be fused together. The elimination of the cells is vital to explain digit sculpting, only part of the tissue is destroyed without affecting the living cells forming the digits. Previously, it was believed that apoptosis did not affect the surrounding cells, but now there is evidence that it induces the remodeling of surrounding cells. Elimination of excess and abnormal neuronal connections during the development of the vertebrae nervous system has affected the organization and functioning of the brain. Extracellular matrix is coincided with apoptosis to reorganize the intestinal tissue. One example of direct tissue remodeling from apoptosis comes from the segmentation of Drosophila. Apoptosis helps with the morphogenetic model of leg joint formation by which a fold in the epithelium is created. Compared to not destroying the surrounding tissues, when leg joint formation occurs, the cellular mechanism must be different. While cells die in the monolayer epithelium, the epithelial barrier must be maintained. Epithelial integrity allows for the neighboring cells to be reorganized by filling the gap during the removal of dead

Therefore, understanding the development could lead us to understanding of regeneration of the natural tendon-to-bone insertion

Connective tissues are made up of two proteins: collagen and elastin. Collagen is a protein found in the tendons, ligaments, skin, cornea, cartilage, bone, and blood vessels. Elastin is a stretchy protein that is like a rubber band and is the major component of ligaments and skin. When a patient has a connective tissue disease, the collagen and elastin are inflamed. The proteins and the body parts they connect are harmed.

Tendons are a flexable by inelastic cord of strong fivrous collagen tisse which attacha a muscles to bones within the human body. Out of all the tendons within the body, the Achilles tendon is ruptured more frequently than any other. Though there are methods to repare this tendon, re-ruptures still occure in over 5% of patients[1] The aim of this experiment is to explore the use of a polyurethane based tissue adhesive as a potential treatment option in Achilles tendon repair. This was done through the comparison of partially transected bovine Achilles tendons with and without adhesive repair to the tissue and then when loaded until failure. This data was than analysised into a stress vs. strain comparision to test the hyposthisis