Bog Bodies Essay

Among the artifacts available on the second floor of the museum there are bows and arrows. Moreover, a visitor can see sharp stones in the collection of artifacts; these are familiar to those that were used in the Stone Age. Most of the stones resemble the Oldowan tools that were found in Lokalalei in Kenya; some other also resemble the Hand axe found in Bose in China.

Early Neolithic remains found at Catal Hüyük showed similar pathology, in which porotic hypertosis affect approximately 41% of the population (Angel, 1971). In addition, transverse linear hypoplasia markers were common on teeth throughout the population, these are generally indicators of early childhood stresses such as disease or malnutrition (Angel, 1971). From these two sites, it can clearly be seen that the diet composition had a great effect on the health of Neolithic era humans. The excessive amount of skeletal markers that indicate malnutrition can suggest the Neolithic diet lacked the nutrients needed for humans to be healthy. The Alepotrypa skeletal remains had also shown high incidents of osteoarthritis generally located in the spine, this could be an indicator of a physically stress full lifestyle (Papathanasiou, 2005). The stress markers on these bones are very different from early hunter-gatherers who were generally free of dietary and activity influenced diseases (O’Keefe & Cordain, 2004). This comparison is fairly significant as Neolithic individuals had a very different lifestyle from that of the hunter-gatherers. Evidently, early Neolithic individuals likely participated in much more labor intense activities than hunter-gatherers during daily life. Regardless of the causes for dietary and stress related skeletal markers, it can be seen that the Neolithic populations experienced poor health in comparison to hunter-gatherers. Neolithic populations

Evidence of almost 100 of the stones has revealed without the need to excavate the site, due to remote sensing, ground-penetrating radar and geographical imaging technologies. These advancements in science and technology allow researchers to discover the historical monuments full extent. Fragments of bones, stones and the foundation pits in which they were situated have all been uncovered during excavations and technological mapping indicating the true size and importance the site was to the Neolithic

The Paleolithic age and all the aspects of its culture were full of amazing inventions and discoveries. The people of the Stone Age created a whole new way of living. The Paleolithic period was believed to first begin in Africa as we started to evolve“ (McDougal, World History: Patterns of Interaction, 2004). The Paleolithic age lasted from about 2.5 million to 8000 B.C” The hunter-gather lifestyle was a big part of the Paleolithic culture. In this culture, there was an equal division of labor between the men and women. To find food prehistoric people would use the hunter-gather method to find food in their natural settings, this lifestyle was also called the nomadic lifestyle. The men would hunt animals and the women would gather food such as berries and other plants. The nomads equally shared the responsibilities of their families including the care their young. Small family groups were common in the Paleolithic age do to the travel and constant search for food. There was no set government in the Paleolithic period, the Neolithic period, however, was strikingly different than the old stone age.

Ceramic making is still a popular tradition today in the Americas, especially on Native Indian Reservations, like in Western, North Carolina. The use of ceramics, however, is quite different than the way it was used by the natives during the Middle Woodland Period. Today, pottery is mainly made for decoration or art purposes by modern day Americans, but according to Wallis (2011), about 3,000 years ago the use of pottery became a very common use and practiced tradition among the native people who lived during that time period. The Swift Creek culture and the Cherokee Indians had very similar methods in formulating ceramics. The archaeological findings of these artifacts states that one group had been more advanced designs on their vessels. This reason is most likely because of the materials that one group was able to access in their area that the other group did not have available. One group was also more traditional and spiritual in making their vessels, which caused them to create more complex designs and methods while designing their ceramics (Block 2005). By looking at the similarities of both groups pottery styles, archaeologists were able to determine the minor but very distinctive differences, that one group processed in their art, than the other. By comparing each group’s ceramics by looking at

Archaeology is the study of the ancient past, through the recovery and analysis of material culture. During the development of archaeology, various different kinds of scientific techniques have been established to aid in archaeological investigation. Recent archaeological techniques and processes such as Scanning Electron Microscopy, Electron Spin Resonance (ESR) and Radiocarbon Dating are utilised to help better understand a civilisation, specifically the site of Lindow Man. These modern methods have supported in recognizing Lindow Man’s identity and important information regarding his death such as his appearance, his stomach content, what he had eaten prior death and his age. This information has since helped lead scientists to believe in

This essay will aim to cover several archaeology techniques and methodologies that would have been used during excavation of archeological sites, in particular the New Kinord site. These methods will provide an insight into a wide range of information that I am interested in discovering. These include what the inhabitants of the site did for a living, their diet and how the term of occupation can be determined.

Hunter/Gatherers secured their own food supply and moved from place to place as needed to maintain it. They clothed themselves in the furs of animals that they had killed for food. They got the name, Stone Age, from tools made from stones.

A bog body is classified as a human corpse that over a long course of time has been naturally mummified in a peat bog. A peat bog is a swamp that collects peat, which is dead plant material, often moss. In the peat bog when a body is mummified they are often known as bog people. These bodies are crucial to our understanding of the past for what they reveal.

The Tchefuncte culture, during the Woodland Period, was the first people to use the land to make pottery. Populations in the Woodland Period became more sedentary and began to establish semi-permanent villages and to practice agriculture. “A major change in hunting strategy occurred during the time of the Woodland Indians with the introduction of the bow and arrow.” (Prehistory, screen 1). They continued to hunt and farm, more efficiently with the bow and

8000- 500 BC was known as the “Archaic period.” During this period, mound building was a very common custom. Many of the mounds were built to elevate the village’s central ritual sites. The “Woodland period” (500 BC- AD 800)

In the beginning of the Paleolithic Era, bands of humans progressively migrated from East Africa to Eurasia, Australia, and then to the Americas while adapting to their new regions. During the Paleolithic era, hominids used crude tools like clubs and choppers to crack open bones, simple axes, and scrapers to prepare animal hides. As the years went on the Neanderthal, Cro-Magnon, and Homo sapiens amended these tools and created new ones. They made these tools so that they can provide shelter, protection, defense from other predators, food, and also clothing. As the Paleolithic era was ending, the hominids were building much more innovative wood and stone structures. They also started

1. “Someday you’ll have your punishment. You’ll have an unfilial son like you,” mother said. “At least I won’t saddle him with a “$6,000 debt,” Tosh said. “And I’ll send him to high school and college. You people are upside down. The parents should owe the children, not the children the parents. Look at the haoles. Obligation is to the children.

The mind-body problem, which is still debated even today, raises the question about the relationship between the mind and the body. Theorists, such as René Descartes and Thomas Nagel, have written extensively on the problem but they have many dissenting beliefs. Descartes, a dualist, contends that the mind and body are two different substances that can exist separately. Conversely, Nagel, a dual aspect theorist, contends that the mind and body are not substances but different properties. However, although Nagel illustrates the problems with Descartes= theory, Nagel=s theory runs into the problem of panpsychism. In this paper, both arguments will be discussed to determine which, if either, side is stronger.

The human skeleton has 6 main functions that provide the body with good health. They are as follows: