Bohr Lab

Einstein has brought many insights of life including the theory of the speed of light, which has led to the special theory of relativity that molded the way science, is today. “For example, various experiments, including the Michelson-Morley experiment, failed to measure the expected changes in the speed of light relative to the motion of the Earth. Due to this Einstein recognized that light has a measured speed that is independent of the speed of the observer” (“Albert Einstein.” 4). “Einstein showed in 1907 that mass is related to energy by the famous equation E=mc^2, which indicates the enormous amount of energy that is stored as mass, some of which is released in radioactivity and nuclear radiations, for example in the sun” (4).This enabled Einstein to be able to start and finish the general theory of relativity.

Heisenberg realized that the uncertainty relations had profound implications. Heisenberg set himself to the task of finding the new quantum mechanics to explain what his theories observed. He relied on what can be observed, namely the light emitted and absorbed by the atoms. By July 1925, Heisenberg wrote his answer in a paper. The basic idea of Heisenberg's paper was to get rid of the orbits in atoms and to arrive at new mechanical equations. Heisenberg’s approached focused mainly on the particle nature of electrons. The mathematics Heisenberg used were tables commonly used for multiplication of arrays of numbers-mathematical objects known as matrices. Using the mathematics of matrices, scientists had at last a new mechanics for calculating the quantum behavior of particles. Heisenberg, and others showed that the new quantum mechanics could account for many of the properties of atoms and atomic events.

(Hewitt, 2012, p. 573). The majority of information that astrophysicists’ have about the structure of atomic elements is from the atomic spectra.

3. One of the models that changed over time was the modle of the atom. Dalton was one of the first scientists to make the model of the atom. His model

Bohr is well known for his amazing research on the structure of the atom, he thought that maybe the hydrogen atom was based on the quantum theory that energy can only be transferred in one way, and he also thought that E. rutherford model had some problems, so he fixed

The atomic model that was accepted by the scientific community before Rutherford's experiment consisted of a group of positive charge surrounded by electrons to balance the negative charge of the electrons. In Rutherford's experiment, he found that there was a center to atoms, later to be named the nucleus. Rutherford created his own model after stating that Thompson's was incorrect.

However, using Bohr’s theory, an electron in ground state can also absorb energy in order to move to a higher level, which would be its excited state, but it will eventually fall back to a lower energy level while releasing a photon. More specifically, if the electron falls to the second energy level, then a photon is released into the visible light region which allows the students to see the various colors on the

This is when, shown through the examination that when light is beamed onto a piece of metal, a small current flows through the metal. The light is giving its energy to the electrons in the atoms of the metal and granting them access to move around, generating the current. However, not all colors of light alter metals in this way. No matter how bright a red light you have, it will not make a current in a metal, but even a faint blue light will event in a current flowing. With light as photons, Einstein showed that red light can't displace electrons because its distinct photons don't have enough energy - the impacts are just not large enough to shift the electrons. However, blue light can dislodge electrons - each individual photon has more energy than the red photon. And photons of ultraviolet light, which have yet more energy, will give electrons enough energy to go or spring off away from the metal altogether.

In 1913 Niels Bohr proposed a hydrogen-atom model that linked the atom’s electron to the photon emission. According to his model, electrons circle the nucleus only in allowed circuits. When the electron is in one of these orbits, the atom has a definite, fixed energy. The electron has the lowest energy state when it is in the orbit closest to the nucleus. The energy of the electron is higher as the electron is in orbits that are successively farther from the nucleus. He also discovered that an electron can be one orbit or another but not in between.

Next great physicist that would step up to the plate and take over world of Atoms, was The 1st Baron Rutherford of Nelson, also known as Ernest Rutherford OM, FRS. He was also awarded with a Nobel Prize in Chemistry in 1908, just like Thomson did a couple decades ago, for his investigations of the elements and discovery of the chemistry of radioactive substances. He proposed a model in which the electric charge +Ze in an atom is not distributed over the whole area of the atom but concentrates in a small area. Rutherford’s atomic model is most likely called the Rutherford model or simply Rutherford model of the nuclear atom. It is to be seen to have a black big ball at the center as the nucleus and small red points moving around the nucleus are electrons as seen below.

Ernest Rutherford's model of the atom is one of the oldest around. Although it is not considered accurate today, it was a huge advance for figuring out the complexity of Atoms.  Rutherford's atom illustrates that atoms revolved in empty space with electrons orbiting a fixed position of positively charged nucleus and had a predictable set path. Ernest was a New Zealand native working at the University of Manchester in the early 1900s. He spent most of his time and career researching the aspects of radioactivity, and in 1908 received the Nobel Peace Prize for his accomplishments. It was another several years after when he started his research on atoms.

Bohr was called upon by a fellow colleague named Ernest Rutherford, to help him solve some problems with the Rutherford Planetary Model of the atom. Bohr quickly took the position to help and new that the problem had something to do with the discharge of hydrogen within an atom. After solving this problem and coming up with his own law and model of the atom. This advancement changed physics forever. Bohr’s model was made up of four ideas.

Rutherford’s discovery of the nucleus allowed him to develop a new atomic model, the planetary model. In this model, the centre of the atom is the nucleus. The nucleus contains most of the mass and all of the positive charge of the atom. Electrons circle around the nucleus like planets do around the sun. Positive protons in nucleus and electrons in orbit around nucleus.

Overall – each electron in an atom is described by a set of 4 quantum numbers

Thompson showed that the charge would deflect away from the negative coil. He then states that this charge was thus a negative charge