Bolinopsis Infundibulum

Moon Jellyfish are in the “Animalia Kingdom, Phylum Cnidarian, Class Scyphozoan, Order Semaeostomeae, Family Ulmaridae, and Genus Aurelia” ( Myers, 2016 ; Espinosa, ; 2016 ; Parr, 2016 ; Jones, 2026 ; Hammond, 2016 ; Dewey, 2016). The morphological description of Cnidarians are corals, sea anemones, jellyfish and hydroids. These cnidarians form a diverse phylum that contains ~9000 species, which live in aquatic (predominantly marine) environments. The phylum-defining trait of Cnidaria is the stinging cell, the nematocyte an extrusive organelle used for predation, adhesion and defense (Holstein, 1981; Lengfeld et al., 2009; Tardent and Holstein, 1982) (Steele and Technau; 2011). Also, this phylum, Cnidarians, are divided into two groups, “Anthozoa (sea anemones, corals and sea pens), which live as

Hobart and William Smith Colleges. (2017). Lab 04 BIOL 1510 Lab Manual Plant Defenses F2017 - Biology - StuDocu. Retrieved from https://www.studocu.com/en/document/hobart-and-william-smith-colleges/biology/lecture-notes/lab-04-biol-1510-lab-manual-plant-defenses-f2017/1396233/view

The purpose of this experiment was to observe the light that the Tomopteris emits. They collected Tomopteris from Monterey Bay off the coast of California. They then stimulated the Tomopteris to produce light so that they could observe the light that it produced. The researchers took photos and measured the amount of light that was emitted per Tomopteris. One interesting discovery was a Tomopteris that emits a blue light which is rare since most Tomopteris emit a yellow-orange light. The researchers tried to create explanations as to why this Tomopteris emits blue light. They think that “different protein complements may be responsible for the light in different species”. However, this isn’t their only explanation for this rare blue emitting Tomopteris. The other explanation is that “this could potentially reflect different ecological roles of the two light colors”. Researchers concluded that with further testing the blue-light emitting Tomopteris may be considered a species of their own.

Wischusen, William, Jolissaint, Ann, Reiland, Jane, and Pomarico, Steven. 2012. Biology 1208/1209: Biological Laboratories for Science Majors. Hayden McNeil, Plymouth,

The domination of jellies over the Black Sea started in 1982--probably when a U.S. ship came into this seawater from the U.S., along with some jellies. This comb jelly is a hardy ecological squatter that is spreading stupendously fast along the east coast of the U.S. but had previously never visited the Black Sea. Nevertheless, the Black Sea, Europe's most polluted ocean, provided a particularly hospitable environment to the jellies.

Chesterfield Inlet and Wager Bay are located in northwestern Hudson Bay within the Kivalliq Region of Nunavut (63°20'N 90°40'W and 65°08'N 87°56'W, respectively). The region is best described as continental-arctic with short cool summers and long cold winters with minimal precipitation (Dufresne, 2013). Average summer temperatures can reach up to 20ºC, while average winter temperatures range from -30ºC to -35ºC. Sea ice forms by December and breaks up by mid-June (Dufresne, 2013). However, ice in Wager Bay according to Canadian Parks Service (1977), can last longer than that of Chesterfield Inlet. The average depths encountered during the sampling program at both Wager Bay was 217 m and Chesterfield inlet was 42 m.

Her awards include; US Department of the Navy and the National Science Foundation. Antarctic Service Medal (1992) Nominated, YMCA-YWCA Women of Distinction Awards, Technology Category (1999 and 2001). Winner of the 2002 Science in Society Children’s Book Award for “Under the Ice”. R. W. Brock Award for best Canadian Museum of Nature research paper of 2003 (co-authored with Ed Hendrycks).Kathy Conlan began working with marine biologist Steve Blasco in the Eastern Arctic looking at the effects of ice scours. When icebergs float around, they are so large that they often scrape and gouge the sea floor disturbing everything in its wake. Conlan and Blasco sampled the species in areas that had been recently disturbed, and compared them to undisturbed sea floor. They discovered that the iceberg’s effects were positive. The icebergs had created spaces for weedy species. They found a greater increase of diversity of marine life, as long as the ice scouring was not so repetitive that animals couldn’t get settled in to live. In the 1970’s, oil companies drilled for oil and gas in the

Crayfish (Procambarus clarkii) are crustaceans that are similarly related to crabs, lobsters and shrimps. They live in partly salty water (brackish water), rivers, ponds and are considered omnivores because they feed on small fishes, plants, detritus, mollusk, and other small invertebrates. Crayfish have a hard-calcified exoskeleton which is typically made of structural polysaccharide called chitin. This calcified exoskeleton must shed for the crayfish to grow (Fitzgerald, 2006).

Echinoderms such as starfish, sea cucumbers, and urchins are identified by their symmetry and central mouth. This species is found decorating the coral reefs by their variety of color and sizes. Because some of these animals like to burrow in the sand, they can supply oxygen to some of the depths in the ocean. Echinoderms are a staple food in many sea animals diet.

Jellyfish can be seen in freshwater and saltwater inhabiting everywhere it goes. Some may see jellyfish depicted in media such as the television show “SpongeBob SquarePants” as a fun recreational sport of catching Jellyfish in butterfly nets. Though most may recognize the creatures as your worse nightmare on a beach and avoiding getting stung by them. However, researchers and explorers have found effects that jellyfish have on impacting the ecosystem and life style of others. These findings have shown a divide between the benefits and negative outcomes they have.

If we are in deep waters we stay near the surface. We live in warm tropical waters in the Atlantic, Indian, and Pacific oceans. We mostly eat sponges, anemones, squid, shrimp, and of course, jellyfish!

Steele, V.J. 1984. Morphology and ultrastructure of the organ of Bellonci in the marine amphipod Gammarus setosus. Journal of Morphology, 181(1), 97-131.

It contains an expanse of tundra with many marshes and lagoons with rivers situated between foothills of the Brooks Range and the wide, icy waters of the Beaufort Sea. Environmentalists said that this area “is the most biologically productive part of the Arctic Refuge for wildlife and is the center if wildlife activity.” The importance of these resources is not measurable. The Arctic is home to such animals as caribou, polar bears, grizzly bears, musk oxen, whales, wolves and snow geese. This area is full of wildflowers and contains water of excellent, unpolluted quality and quantity. The Arctic Ocean costal plain is an area critical to the survival of many birds and mammals (‘Alaska Wild’).

Cnidarians (or coelenterates), including sea anemones, jellyfish, and corals, are built mostly of sheets of cells, and they exploit the large surface area of the

     Coral animals begin life as free-floating larvae, but settle on the sea floor in sedentary colonies. The term "coral" applies both to these animals and to their skeletons, particularly the skeletons of stone-like corals (Discover 1997).