Bolus Research Paper

Chase, Gilbert. America's Music, from the Pilgrims to the Present. Rev. 2d ed. New York:

We have a strange pet, His name is Boliver and he was named after a movie actor we saw once. Boliver is real smart And you really have to look close to see him on a leaf or branch. He likes to go there and always likes to eat there. We got him last July from a man, The man was Clyde Brown and He used to teach Biology. Boliver looks like a small green stick. They say he looks like he is praying. That is why he is called a praying mantis. We can't take him out for walks but We just like to watch him. We built a special home for him and He likes it

The P value less than 0.01, from the Tukey HSD test, shows that the outcomes are not coincidental but that there is a numerical or scientific reason for the results of the experiment. The outcomes of the experiment show that there are significant differences between each bolus type. Exact bolus placement, calculating constant air pressure and room temperature, rounding errors, and human error are limitations that could skew the results of this experiment. The results are consistent with prior studies that indicate there are alternative bolus material options that are more effective than Superflab. According to the ratios to water in Table 1, investigators conclude that uncooked rice is the best alternative to Superflab due to the fact that it is more similar and consistent than Superflab to solid water when providing Dmax. The data infers that although using the alternative variables will suffice as bolus, the compositions of Superflab, green Play-Doh, and orange Play-Doh do not provide the maximum dose build up as well as uncooked rice. In conclusion, this experiment narrows the informational gap when researching bolus materials and provides an answer to the question of which bolus will be best to use in radiation

Baldness affects millions of people every year, which brings in money for doctors that do hair restoration surgeries instead of finding a cure for a disease that is carried by mosquitoes called malaria. Malaria is a sporozoan parasite that is transmitted by mosquitoes that invades the red blood cells (Merriam-Webster).

Radiation therapy is the ionization of atoms in tissues resulting in formation of highly reactive radicals in a well-defined, restricted volume (1). In other words, ionizing radiations are used to eradicate tumors and at the same time preserve structure and function of normal tissue. A limitation is prevented from being a problem. If bone marrow or neuronal cells are destroyed or injured, they do not regenerate. However, with radiation therapy, these cells are often saved from injury or destruction, unless the tumor is infecting bone marrow or neuronal cells. Today, radiation therapy is the most popular type of cancer therapy in use. It is used to treat one-half to two-thirds of all cancers, which translates to more than ten percent of the population

This Source Is Reliable Because Cancer Net provides timely, comprehensive, oncologist approved information from the American society of clinical oncology (ASCO) with support from the conquer cancer foundation. Who deals with radiation options for people who are afraid of radiation. This information was also released recently in

Late Radiation Morbidity Scoring Criteria were used to score toxicity according to The Radiation Therapy Oncology Group (RTOG)[8]. Toxicities were assessed in regular clinic visit every 2 weeks through treatment periodand monthly after ending of treatment

The purpose of this study is to determine the ability of Superflab to reduce the dose given to a contralateral breast during radiation treatment. Researchers believe Superflab is a great tissue equivalent that is easy to use and is successful in reducing the dose of scatter radiation. They believe that this bolus material will be effective in decreasing the dose to the contralateral breast. The energies used in this study included 6 MV with a total dose of 50 Gy in 25 fractions. Researchers chose six patients to participate in this study, each with various sized breasts. Researchers placed TLDs on each patient, then they placed 1 cm Superflab on top of the TLDs. Each patient received three treatments without Superflab and three with Superflab.

The authors measured the effects of air gaps under 10mm bolus to determine how inhomogeneity may affect skin dose. They used an ionization chamber and radiochromic film to measure dose under air gaps at 2mm, 4mm, and 10mm in size, using a 6MV photon. They also examined the effect of different angles of incidence. Their results showed that air gaps under 10mm do not reduce maximum dose below 90%, but that larger air gaps may reduce dose under certain conditions. They also found that dose is lowered more by more oblique angles of incidence. They concluded that small air gaps will not significantly affect the treatment

Like the therac-25, another case of therapy gone wrong was associated with 5 deaths and many injuries related to a Cobalt-60 system used to treat cancer patients in Panama City. The software allowed technicians to draw on a computer screen metal plates that helped protected healthy tissue during radiation treatments. As such, some technicians found a more efficient way to line up the metal plates to target the radiation. This caused a bug in the system to instead produce two times the amount of radiation most patients where prescribed. The cause of the problem was associated with how the software calculated the dosage of radiation based on the block configuration. The configuration technicians were using had different calculated answers on

The radiation produced by radiopharmaceuticals is not lethal when administered in small doses, however side effects may ensue large quantities. Potential adverse side effects include Myelosuppression, the suppression of bone marrow creating a deficiency in cells providing immunity (Eshelman School of Pharmacy, 2013). Pregnant women are not permitted to receive any form of radiopharmaceutical procedures due to the foetuses sensitivity to radiation: potentially causing birth defects. Subsequently women who are breastfeeding can’t receive any radiopharmaceuticals due to its potential presence in breast milk. Side effects that may additionally occur include allergic reactions and the altered interactions with other medication. To minimise the risk and significance of the disadvantages/ side effects the radiopharmaceuticals are administered by a doctor specialised in nuclear medicine. The disadvantages encompassing the implementation of radiopharmaceuticals is circumstantial, the quantity of radiation relates to the risk of potential side

the higher the dose of radiation the greater the chance for complications and if it’s

About one in two people born today will be diagnosed with some form of cancer in their lifetime (ref 1 cancer research uk). Almost two-thirds of all cancer patients receive some form of radiation therapy during the course of treatment predominantly with external-beam photon therapy (ref 40). Proton beam therapy (PBT) is a novel form of external beam radiotherapy technique that utilises positively charged particles in cancer management (ref required). However, the idea of using charged particles for cancer treatment is not new. Robert R. Wilson was a famous American phycist who proposed that, heavy particles could be used to treat cancer (Wilson, 1946). Thereafter, in 1954, the first cancer patient was treated using PBT at the Berkeley Radiation Laboratory in America and at Uppsala in Sweden in 1957. To date, over 60 000 patients with different cancer have been treated with PBT worldwide (ref 70).

One of the main selling points of Direct Radiography (DR) system vendors is that the technology will reduce patient dose related to radiation exposure. Carestream Health touts a 40% reduction in dose seen at Houston Medical Center. Philips Medical promotes its DoseWise technology but carefully refrains from making specific claims regarding its efficacy. Siemens Healthcare also claims "dose reduction across a wide range of exams" (Siemens Healthcare – Multix Select DR - Siemens Healthcare Global, n.d.).

In 2007, it is predicted that almost 1.5 million people will be diagnosed with cancer in the United States (Pickle et al., 2007). More than half of these cancer patients will undergo the use of radiation as a means for treating cancer at some point during the course of their disease (Perez and Brady, 1998). Cancer, a disease caused by an uncontrollable growth of abnormal cells, affects millions of people around the world. Radiotherapy is one of the well known various methods used to treat cancer, where high powered rays are aimed directly at the tumor from the outside of the body as external radiation or an instrument is surgically placed inside the body producing a result of internal radiation. Radiation is delivered to the cancerous regions of the body to damage and destroy the cells in that area, terminating the rapid growth and division of the cells. Radiation therapy has been used by medicine as a treatment for cancer from the beginning of the twentieth century, with its earliest beginnings coming from the discovery of x-rays in 1895 by Wilhelm Röntgen. With the advancements in physics and computer programming, radiation had greatly evolved towards the end of the twentieth century and made the radiation treatment more effective. Radiation therapy is a curative treatment approach for cancer because it is successful in killing cancerous tumor cells and stop them from regenerating.