Bone Age Analysis Essay

How can the age of a body be estimated using bones? What are some of the different areas of the body that may give an indication of age?

However bone density can take up to 9 months to be validated so it is essential to have this verified by a MP. Marcus, (1991)

While you are young your teeth erupt in a special sequence in your childhood, they can determine what stage the child is at to find an approximate age. For an adult your bones have grown completely and they have to find a different way to determine the age. They can look at the changes in their pelvis’. There is a joint in the front

Osteoporosis is a disease in which bone tissue is normally mineralized but the mass of bone is decreased and structural integrity of trabecular bone is impaired. Cortical bone becomes more porous and thinner, making bone weaker and prone to fractures. The World Health Organization (WHO)(1994) has defines postmenopausal osteoporosis abased on the bone density. Bone density is based on the number of standard deviations away from the mean bone mineral density of a young adult reference population, a T-score. Normal bone mass density is 0 to -.99 standard deviations, low bone density (osteopenia) is -1.0 to -2.49 standard deviations, osteoporosis is labeled as less than or equal to 2.5 standard deviations, and severe osteoporosis is less than or equal to 2.5 standard deviations and included a bone fracture.

Musculoskeletal stress markers can be found at the origin and insertion points of a muscle on a bone. These areas are known also as an enthesis. When using a muscle, a muscle will constrict and tighten, pulling at the origin and insertion point creating more blood flow to these areas so that they can create osteoblast as over time the bone that the muscle is attached to will diminish over time if not restructured. Over time the amount of osteoblast tends to dwindle creating more stress markers left on the bone. With this anthropologist, can approximate the age of an individual from the markings that were left behind.

A skeletal survey is a systematically performed series of high quality radiographs demonstrating the entire skeleton, and is routine in the assessment of children under two years old (3, 8, 21, 24, 25). Skeletal surveys are performed to identify occult fractures, exclude underlying skeletal dysplasia or metabolic conditions, and aid in fracture dating (1). The skeletal survey must be performed at an optimal standard of technical quality using high detail imaging systems, with radiographs acquired following a rigorous protocol, with special consideration to patient positioning, centring and collimation (25-27). This ensures that radiographs have the required detail to detect subtle fractures whilst keeping the patient radiation dose “as low as reasonably achievable” (25). A ‘babygram’, whole body radiograph, must never be performed (1,

(43) (ii) Peripheral DEXA devices are cheaper portable instruments using the same technology as DEXA but they measure BMD at peripheral sites, such as the forearm, calcaneus, or finger. However, there are limitations of these devices in evaluating fracture risk prediction due to technical differences, variation in the definitions of the bone regions of interest measured, and lack of standardized reference databases for calculating T-scores. However, low T-score values at peripheral sites measured by peripheral DEXA devices are found to be associated with increased fracture risk. (38)

○ Bone density test to assess for decreased bone density and possible osteoporosis 4, 9

The week when working on the annotative bibliography I found it easy to identity the strongest research materials that I had collected over the past 7 weeks and use those resources first. I believe all of us had a few journals and/or books that really provided a wealth of information on our topics, which were the start of our annotative bibliography work.

Osteoporosis is an age related disorder, more common in females compared to males. Osteoporosis is defined as a “skeletal disorder characterized by compromised bone strength predisposing to increased risk of fractures (Manolagaas, 2014). Osteoporosis is defined as “a disease characterized by low bone mass and deterioration of bone tissue (What is osteoporosis?2014). Osteoporosis is sometimes also referred as “silent thief” as the bone loss occurs very slowly and silently without any symptoms (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). The most common site for fracture due to osteoporosis is hip followed by humerus (Woltman & den Hoed, 2010) . Osteoporosis can occur at any age, although it is a disorder common in females (especially post-menopausal females). Everyone is prone to osteoporosis (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). According to Osteoporosis Canada, 1 in 3 Canadian females and 1 in 5 Canadian males may suffer fractures due to osteoporosis during their lifetime (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). Canadian health care system spends 1.2 billion dollars for the acute hospitalization caused by osteoporosis and in 2010 the health care system spent 3.9 billion dollars for the total treatment of osteoporosis (Osteoporosis facts & statistics.2014). Osteoporosis can be screened and diagnosed by various methods; however the dual energy x ray absorptiometry (DXA) is commonly used. If the T-score values are less than -1 and greater than -2.5SD it is termed as osteopenia,

The aging of the auricular surface was the first method to be used to determine an age range for UC71 (Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994). No billows or striae were present and changes to the apex are slight (Buikstra and Ubelaker 1994). Iscan and Loth created a comprehensive guide on the sternal ends of ribs so to help correlate age to features often found in the sternal ribs ends. This comparison allowed for a further narrowing down of age of the specimen. The dental attrition is not always a good feature in which to base age at time of death as diet for example may erode teeth faster, genetic predisposition to weak teeth as observed in some populations with nutritional deficiencies and lifestyle choices all play a part in how quickly the teeth wear. However, to get an idea of how dental attrition can be used to help narrow down and age range, especially in something like an isolated archaeological context, the application provided by Lovejoy as reprinted in the Human Osteology Textbook (White, Black, and Folkens 2012) was helpful in understanding normal wear patterns and how they correlate with chronological age. The specimen of UC71 had rather complete dentition which made determination much

Extensive works are carried out by various researchers to assess the stature from various hand and handprint measurements, fingers and phalanges length and foot and footprint measurements utilizing statistical equations and formulae (Scheuer and Black,

However, there are factors that can alter the ability to accurately predict the age of an unidentified person. These factors include, but are not limited to, the environment, the culture they are surrounded by and their natural development time. These variations can cause changes in bone degeneration among populations. When such techniques to determine the age first started being used, the sample for the standards were all from North America meaning there was very little variation and accuracy for it to be used for all ethnicities. As time passed, researchers started evaluating specific populations in order to create more area specific standards. With this came the introduction of new methods and techniques that can be used to determine the age, such as the one in this study.

Socrates’ argues that his unfortunate sentence to death may actually be a blessing. After addressing those who had voted against him he directs his attention towards those who have acquitted him. During his monologue, Socrates explains that the divine voice which warns him of dangerous actions was silent during the trial. This silence, to Socrates, means that his actions were not potentially harmful to himself or others but in fact a blessing from the divine. He concludes that death is either an everlasting sleep or a transferring of soul.

First off, I would rent the space to the theater company for the production of “Hair”. The reason behind renting is both parties could profit from the theater production in the chapel. When thinking logically, since the parish closed due to economic reasons they would be earning money i.e. the rent. The theater company benefits from the money earned from the turnout. It is technically a win-win for both sides. There are no longer religious activities at the chapel and the space is available for events and other uses as well. A theater production is like any other event, and is entertainment without age restrictions on attendance. Therefore, there is no reason for it to be forbade. Just because there is some minor language and adult